Security Managers Should Be Managers First And Security Specialist Essay

Security Managers Should Be Managers First And Security Specialist Second - Essay Example Most companies are still far from having an elevated, coordinated security unit. However, the kind of leadership and management drives an organization or a company towards either success or failure. Though everything can be learned and mastered after further experiences and further studies, present activities and accomplishments are qualifications for higher and bigger opportunities that influence others to get involved in the stated missions and visions. Managing and addressing security carries a significant and potential critical responsibility on whatever number of human resource. Security managers' extensive scope of responsibilities require a trivial task - from risk assessment to the implementation of security policies, from human resource issues to the definition of security duties, including global exposure, and strategic planning, must be embraced and managed. The assertion that, security managers should be managers first, and security specialists second, it is but right to present the role of a security manager in the arena of securing potential assets. Where and how they're involved, and let the evidences for qualifications, be seen on why they should be managers first. The importance of continuous attention ... Such attention is important for all types of internal controls, because of the factors that affect security are constantly changing in today's dynamic environment. Managing the increased risks associated with a highly interconnected computing environment demands increased central coordination to ensure that weaknesses in one organizational unit's systems do not place the entire organization's information assets at undue risk. Security managers on the other hand, should filter what senior managers see, and even before that, ensure they only collect information someone both cares about and takes responsibility, for Security managers need to easily position information in the context of risk policy, policy enforcement, and related business imperatives. Risk assessments improve business managers' ability to make decisions on controls needed in the absence of quantified risk assessment results, and engender support for policies and controls adopted, thus helping to ensure that policies and controls would operate as intended. Through the reporting procedure, business managers take responsibility for either tolerating or mitigating security risks associated with their operations. And such procedures provide a relatively quick and consistent means of exploring risk with business managers, selecting cost-effective controls, and documenting conclusions and business managers' acceptance of final determinations regarding what controls were needed and what risks could be tolerated. ...global exposure and strategic planning... What an organization can and can't do strategy wise is always constrained by what is legal, by what complies with

Peace Essay Example for Free

Peace Essay Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violence, conflict behaviors and the freedom from fear of violence. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. Etymology [edit] From the Latin pax, meaning freedom from civil disorder, the English word came into use in various personal greetings from c. 300 as a translation of the Hebrew shalom. Such a translation is, however, imprecise, as shalom, which is also cognate with the Arabic salaam, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness. [citation needed] At a personal level, peaceful behaviors are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others beliefs and behaviors — tending to manifest goodwill. This latter understanding of peace can also pertain to an individuals introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being at peace in ones own mind, as found in European references from c. 1200. The early English term is also used in the sense of quiet, reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that avoid quarreling and seek tranquility — an absence of disturbance or agitation. In many languages the word for peace is also used a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word Aloha, as well as the Arabic word salaam. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrase Rest In Peace. Buddhists believe that peace can be attained once all suffering ends. They regard all suffering as stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), or delusions. To eliminate such suffering and achieve ersonal peace, followers in the path of the Buddha adhere to a set of teachings called the Four Noble Truths — a central tenet in Buddhist philosophy. Islam means submission. Muslim, etymologically directly related to salaam and the name Islam, means a person who submits to Allah in salaam. [citation needed] Submission to Allah is based on humility. An attitude of humility within ones own self cannot be accomplished without total rejection of violence, and a personal attitude and alignment toward pe ace.

School Censorship is Detrimental to Education Essay examples -- Argume

School Censorship is Detrimental to Education       Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they are all great American authors, but there is something else. They are all "banned." Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a book by at least one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be crucial parts of the high school curriculum. School censorship of books is detrimental to the educational development of high school students.    In order to understand the problems with school censorship, one must know why it is done. One reason is bad language. A prime example of this type of censorship occurred in a California school when words like à «damn' and à «hell' were blacked out of Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451. Students were stunned by the irony of the situation. A book about censorship was being censored (Wright). Sexual activity is another common reason for censorship, along with assaults on family values and violence. Why is this happening when 90% of students surveyed do not believe that books should be censored because they contain offensive language or sexual situations (Survey)? Negative racial treatment of characters, setting, or theme also fuels censorship (Simmons).    Something else that must be mentioned in order to understand the evils of school censorship are facts censors ignore; the first being literary quality. When they chose to censor a book they do not take into account the educational value of the book. How can one say a book does not belong in schools if they do not know what lessons it teaches? The second key element ignored is the manner in which teachers lead students to interact with texts. They g... ...eory censorship thus prevents students from thinking. There are ways of teaching our children morals, but censorship is not one of them. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Every burned book enlightens the world."    Works Cited    Killing a Classic; Censorship: Offensive language can be instructional in a play about racism and segregation. The Sun; Baltimore, Md.; Nov.6, 1999. Simmons, John S. School Censorship: No Respite in Sight. Forum. Winter 1996/1997, pp. 12-16 Survey. "Survey on Censorship of Books in School" November 18,1999. Twain, Mark. The Adventurers of Huckleberry Finn. Penguin Books. New York, New York, 1959. Virginia Beach Public Library Librarian. Interview. November 19, 1999 Wright, Jake. Literary Censorship in America's Schools. On-line. Available: http://members.xoom.com/jakewright/censorship/   

Ideal Education

A university is an institution that educates a student to better prepare them to work in the field that they choose. The best curriculum varies for each student, but it is necessary that the students have some experience in the working environment before they set out on their own. For engineers, strong working skills of your major and internships are essential to survive in today†s society. A successful engineer must also take additional courses writing and computer technology and spend no less than five years in the university. The ideal engineering student would go above and beyond the academic requirements for completing their major and would have working experience in the field that they choose. As an electrical engineering student at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), I have been exposed to a curriculum that gives students more exposure to other areas of the field. The curriculum includes more technical writing and computer technology courses that will help students prepare for the tasks performed by an actual engineer. Some corporations, such as Alcar, are even making courses in communication, technology, and management into prerequisites to work in the industry. These types of courses are especially gratifying because they qualify students for better jobs and allow students to express their ideas more clearly. These traditionally non-engineering courses have now become necessary to complete the best possible engineering education. Linda Geppart supports my theory of a wider spectrum of classes in her article, â€Å"Educating the Renaissance Engineer. Geppart believes that engineers may have their areas of specialty, but they need exposure to other areas as well. For example, an engineer must have at least a working knowledge of other technologies so they know where to seek help to solve a problem. Also, many engineers are needed in other professional areas such as marketing, manufacturing, development, and research. â€Å"This means that engineers need to have communication and writing skills†, said Jin Park, professor of electrical engineering at Yonsei University (in Geppart, p. 16). Progress in communications and technology keeps raising the level of knowledge that engineers need today. Another step to the ideal education would require the students to have experience working in the field they have chosen. Many Universities are giving their students the option to have an internship to fulfill the academic requirements for that semester. My brother, a computer engineering major at Creighton University, has the choice to take an internship the final semester of his junior year. Mentioned in the Geppart article was how many universities in Europe are requiring their students to have internships. In Germany, it is mandatory for the electrical engineering students to spend at least a half-year in the industry. An internship is an extremely valuable part of an engineering education and should be integrated into more Universities. On-the-job experience gives students a chance to work on real projects in an industrial environment. The students working in the actual industry are far better off than the students learning similar material at a desk are because they will have hands on experience doing the work of an actual engineer. Work experience is a crucial part of any education. The time when most colleges allow internships is at the end of the junior year. This way, the students will be able to focus on the topics that they need for that job or a similar one. Some companies will even pay for your last years of college or for your certification, in order to bring you back. In order to receive the best education possible, a student should be able to choose their own electives in their major, especially since many students decide to go into different fields of work later on. Many schools such as Carnegie Mellon University are adapting this into their curriculum and letting their students customize their own education. Most students would obtain much more knowledge in classes they were actually interested in than those they were â€Å"getting out of the way† to fulfill their graduation requirements. I find myself working a lot harder in classes that I am interested in than those that I am not interested in. The notion of choosing your own electives is also very important for those who want to pursue their bachelor†s degree with a degree in another field such as medicine or business. Finally, four years is not a lot of time to receive the best education. A student should stay in a university long enough to get a masters degree or a double major, which would usually be about five years. UCSB offers many different five-year programs including a combination engineering degree with a business degree or an engineering degree with a computer science degree. Also available at UCSB, like in many universities, are the higher education programs like the master†s degree or a PHD. It is essential for universities to offer such programs to give students the opportunity to obtain the ideal education. The expanded program at UCSB does not allow the students to pick many classes outside the requirements because the double major takes up almost all of the time. But the ability to broaden the spectrum of classes a student takes lies in the individual student. A student could still graduate in less time by taking summer courses. The ideal student would complete the requirements for their major and take extra classes to widen the spectrum of their knowledge in their line of work. The model student would also spend some amount of time working in the field that the have chosen. The best curriculum differs for each student depending on their major but it is vital that they spend no less than five years in the university to complete higher education and get, at least, a master†s degree. The more each individual student puts into their college career, the better it will pay off for him or her in the future. Ideal Education A university is an institution that educates a student to better prepare them to work in the field that they choose. The best curriculum varies for each student, but it is necessary that the students have some experience in the working environment before they set out on their own. For engineers, strong working skills of your major and internships are essential to survive in today†s society. A successful engineer must also take additional courses writing and computer technology and spend no less than five years in the university. The ideal engineering student would go above and beyond the academic requirements for completing their major and would have working experience in the field that they choose. As an electrical engineering student at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB), I have been exposed to a curriculum that gives students more exposure to other areas of the field. The curriculum includes more technical writing and computer technology courses that will help students prepare for the tasks performed by an actual engineer. Some corporations, such as Alcar, are even making courses in communication, technology, and management into prerequisites to work in the industry. These types of courses are especially gratifying because they qualify students for better jobs and allow students to express their ideas more clearly. These traditionally non-engineering courses have now become necessary to complete the best possible engineering education. Linda Geppart supports my theory of a wider spectrum of classes in her article, â€Å"Educating the Renaissance Engineer. Geppart believes that engineers may have their areas of specialty, but they need exposure to other areas as well. For example, an engineer must have at least a working knowledge of other technologies so they know where to seek help to solve a problem. Also, many engineers are needed in other professional areas such as marketing, manufacturing, development, and research. â€Å"This means that engineers need to have communication and writing skills†, said Jin Park, professor of electrical engineering at Yonsei University (in Geppart, p. 16). Progress in communications and technology keeps raising the level of knowledge that engineers need today. Another step to the ideal education would require the students to have experience working in the field they have chosen. Many Universities are giving their students the option to have an internship to fulfill the academic requirements for that semester. My brother, a computer engineering major at Creighton University, has the choice to take an internship the final semester of his junior year. Mentioned in the Geppart article was how many universities in Europe are requiring their students to have internships. In Germany, it is mandatory for the electrical engineering students to spend at least a half-year in the industry. An internship is an extremely valuable part of an engineering education and should be integrated into more Universities. On-the-job experience gives students a chance to work on real projects in an industrial environment. The students working in the actual industry are far better off than the students learning similar material at a desk are because they will have hands on experience doing the work of an actual engineer. Work experience is a crucial part of any education. The time when most colleges allow internships is at the end of the junior year. This way, the students will be able to focus on the topics that they need for that job or a similar one. Some companies will even pay for your last years of college or for your certification, in order to bring you back. In order to receive the best education possible, a student should be able to choose their own electives in their major, especially since many students decide to go into different fields of work later on. Many schools such as Carnegie Mellon University are adapting this into their curriculum and letting their students customize their own education. Most students would obtain much more knowledge in classes they were actually interested in than those they were â€Å"getting out of the way† to fulfill their graduation requirements. I find myself working a lot harder in classes that I am interested in than those that I am not interested in. The notion of choosing your own electives is also very important for those who want to pursue their bachelor†s degree with a degree in another field such as medicine or business. Finally, four years is not a lot of time to receive the best education. A student should stay in a university long enough to get a masters degree or a double major, which would usually be about five years. UCSB offers many different five-year programs including a combination engineering degree with a business degree or an engineering degree with a computer science degree. Also available at UCSB, like in many universities, are the higher education programs like the master†s degree or a PHD. It is essential for universities to offer such programs to give students the opportunity to obtain the ideal education. The expanded program at UCSB does not allow the students to pick many classes outside the requirements because the double major takes up almost all of the time. But the ability to broaden the spectrum of classes a student takes lies in the individual student. A student could still graduate in less time by taking summer courses. The ideal student would complete the requirements for their major and take extra classes to widen the spectrum of their knowledge in their line of work. The model student would also spend some amount of time working in the field that the have chosen. The best curriculum differs for each student depending on their major but it is vital that they spend no less than five years in the university to complete higher education and get, at least, a master†s degree. The more each individual student puts into their college career, the better it will pay off for him or her in the future.

Stylistic Analysis of “Arrowsmith” by Sinclair Lewis

Text Analyses â€Å"Arrowsmith† by Sinclair Lewis Starting reading the extract from the novel of the first American awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature one can predict that the whole book is quite subjective. The description of the geographical position of the state Winnemac and its largest city makes exactly such impression. But when the reader goes on he faces really vivid examples of hyperbola, epithets, zeugma, metaphors and other stylistic devices. One becomes immersed in the bright, humorous and at the same time critical world of Sinclair Lewis.The author mocks at the weak points of education, at ridiculous university traditions and the life of students in general. The title of the story â€Å"Arrowsmith† depicts the surname of the main character. It is a quite rare English surname. The second part of the compound â€Å"Smith† means a person who does something extraordinary. An arrow is usually associated with reaching a goal. The surname Arrowsmith is su itable for a person who is initiative, able to think critically, who is patient and persuasive in doing his job.Martin Arrowsmith is just this type of a person. For his shyness he is an attractive young man devoted to his studying. The author describes his university experience. The story is a 3-d person narration. It emphasizes that the author is not a participant of the events but just an observer. The description of the university of Winnemac is full of exaggeration . Its comparison to Oxford and Harvard, â€Å"its buildings measured by the mile† are good examples of hyperbole.The enumeration of the disciplines taught at Winnemac is used to show the great variety of useless subjects that students should cope with and to depict the broad specialization of universities where Doctors of Philosophy just â€Å"give rapid instructions†. Sinclair Levis says that such variety of subjects can’t guarantee a good quality of education. The epithets â€Å"leisury nonsenc e†, â€Å" snobbish college† are contradicted by a bright metaphor – the university â€Å"is a mill to turn out men and women who will lead moral lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬  .All these devices help the reader to catch the sight of irony which is used more vividly in the sentence where the university is compared to a Ford Motor Factory. It is also a metaphor and this hidden comparison is used to mention that the work of a college is standardized and there is no ground for developing creative thinking, different from the standard one. Everything is designed to produce ordinary people ready to serve for the society. The characteristic of Martin is also very bright. Talking about his prospects the author uses enumeration: a respectable runner, a fair basketball center, a savage hockey player.The example of metaphor is â€Å"The University has become his world†. It puts emphasis on Martin’s loneliness and devotion to studying. Describing Digamma Pi Sinclair Lew is uses zeugma: â€Å"It was a lively boarding-house with a billiard table and low prices†, â€Å"In a fraternity, all tennis rackets, trousers and opinions are held in common†. Then goes oxymoron â€Å"comfortably immoral† . Everything depicts the doubtful reputation of the fraternity. The conversation between Martin and Ira Hinkley is spiced with antithesis â€Å"high ideals- tortured bodies† and oxymoron â€Å"rottenest advantages†.But the most vivid is the description of Fatty Pfaff. Here Sinclair Lewis uses irony saying that he was â€Å"the most useful to Digamma Pi†, simile â€Å" he looked like a distended hot – water bottle†, oxymoron â€Å" he was magnificently imbecile†, bright enumeration â€Å"he believed everything, he knew nothing, he could memorize nothing†. All these stylistic devises help to create the vivid image of Fatty, his appearance and foolish innocence. On the example of this character th e author shows stupid traditions and cruel behavior of the students.But still in every company there is such butt to whom â€Å"thoughtful house-mates† (irony again) like to play tricks. The metaphor â€Å"the living room suggested a recent cyclone† is the most suitable for the description of Digamma Pi. Then goes the enumeration of a great many of things that can be found there. Everything is used to show the way of life of students. Sinclair Lewis is a master of stylistic devises. His irony is vivid, his metaphor is bright, he forces the reader to think over the most burning problems of education and the lifestyle of students at the same time entertaining the public.

Madame X essays

Madame X essays The work of art I will be describing will be Madame X, by John Singer Sargent, was done in 1884, on an oil canvas, page 59. I will be describing the work of art as it appears in our text. The painting is of a lady standing with her hand gripping the edge of a small circular table, slightly above her knees, set on her right side. The picture was done in many different shades of black, grays, and white. The back round appears to be a room with nothing on the wall or floor. The wall is a dark shade of gray and then gradually lightens as it meets with the floor. Where the floor meets with the wall the floor appears to be a dark shade of gray and then gradually lightens as it moves forward to where the lady is standing and to where the painting is cut off as its base. The painting is extremely vivid and almost looks like a photograph, it is extremely detailed and realistic. The lady is standing with her hand on the table as I described above, with her hand of the small table to he r right, she has her head turned to her left as if she is looking at something or is simply camera shy. She appears to be what we commonly refer to as white or Caucasian, she has her hair done up in some kind of elegant braid, and she is wearing some kind of elegant gown or dress. Her hair appears to be black, she has petite facial features and is fairly attractive. The straps to her dress are of a gold chain-like configuration and are fasined to the dress with intricate buttons. The dress fits her hour-glass figure fairly snug, the dress appears to be black and is made so life-like by the light shadowing effect that the painter has incorporated. Her breasts appear to be fairly large, she has a small waste and the dress poofs out a bit around her back side, excentuating her hour-glass figure, the dress then flows down to the ground, hiding her feet by the shadowing. The tab...

Free Essays on The Great Cat Massacre

The Great Cat Massacre: And Other Episodes in French Cultural History. First Edition. Robert Darnton. New York: Basic Books, 1999 XIII + 298. The Great Cat Massacre with out a doubt has one of the most unusual titles ever created especially for a book about history. Now this unusual title perhaps fits this book better than any other straight - forward title Mr. Darnton could have conjured. You see the text contained in the book isn’t just your standardized, boring, and redundant view of history. Most historical text looks at history from a political standpoint, of which king did what and what were the political effects of a war; then what were the politics like after the war, how were they changed and by which major political figures did the changing. Darnton instead of the old style of viewing history looks at it through the eyes of the people, and not the figures of history. Mr. Darnton’s book The Great Cat Massacre, reexamines French culture during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteen century with the eyes of the peasant’s. Robert Darnton looks at the writings of the peasant’s, and trace s them to their origins and compares them to other text of similar origins and text, to create credible accounts or views of particular topics of the people during the era. In this review your going to see a summarization of the book, describing the various subjects of this book. After that I will comment on Mr. Darnton’s on some topics like his organization, writing style, and fairness to his subject material, then discuss the historical importance of the topics that Robert Darnton mentions in his book and give you my personal opinion of the book its self. Next I will discuss with you a battery of topics like why I choose the book, is the book controversial, what was the authors purpose for writing the book, what were some of the major theses, who or what Darnton’s sources were? Lastly I will end this review with a compare and con... Free Essays on The Great Cat Massacre Free Essays on The Great Cat Massacre The Great Cat Massacre: And Other Episodes in French Cultural History. First Edition. Robert Darnton. New York: Basic Books, 1999 XIII + 298. The Great Cat Massacre with out a doubt has one of the most unusual titles ever created especially for a book about history. Now this unusual title perhaps fits this book better than any other straight - forward title Mr. Darnton could have conjured. You see the text contained in the book isn’t just your standardized, boring, and redundant view of history. Most historical text looks at history from a political standpoint, of which king did what and what were the political effects of a war; then what were the politics like after the war, how were they changed and by which major political figures did the changing. Darnton instead of the old style of viewing history looks at it through the eyes of the people, and not the figures of history. Mr. Darnton’s book The Great Cat Massacre, reexamines French culture during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteen century with the eyes of the peasant’s. Robert Darnton looks at the writings of the peasant’s, and trace s them to their origins and compares them to other text of similar origins and text, to create credible accounts or views of particular topics of the people during the era. In this review your going to see a summarization of the book, describing the various subjects of this book. After that I will comment on Mr. Darnton’s on some topics like his organization, writing style, and fairness to his subject material, then discuss the historical importance of the topics that Robert Darnton mentions in his book and give you my personal opinion of the book its self. Next I will discuss with you a battery of topics like why I choose the book, is the book controversial, what was the authors purpose for writing the book, what were some of the major theses, who or what Darnton’s sources were? Lastly I will end this review with a compare and con...

The Best AP Human Geography Review Books

The Best AP Human Geography Review Books SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If AP Human Geography is one of your first AP classes, you might be looking for some guidance on what you should study and how you should plan out your time. Even if you're not new to APs, it can be difficult to pin down what's important in this cross-disciplinary course. That's where review books come in handy. This guide will provide a list of the best AP Human Geography books for exam review and advice on how to choose one that fits your needs. What’s in This Guide? In this article, I'll go through the most useful review books for the AP Human Geography exam. Human Geography isa subject that can be a little difficult to grasp, and there are quite a few field-specific terms to memorize.This is also typically one of the first AP classes taken in high school. If that’s your situation, these books will provide much-needed insight into what the test is really like and how you can use smart strategies to earn the most points possible. I’ve categorized these books so that you can choose the one that works best for your personal learning style and time constraints. You'll also findpros, cons, and overall summaries for each of the AP Human Geography books so you can look at their specific qualities and make a more informed decision about which way you want to throw your hard-earned cash! Best Overall Review Book Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam (Princeton Review) Price: $11.39 Pros Two complete practice tests with answer explanations Practice questions accurately replicate the style and format of real exam questions Lists of key terms for each content chapter Great test-taking strategies Good explanations of geographic models Solid content review that covers everything you need to know for the test Cons Not in-depth enough to replicate the textbook content, but too in-depth to read in just a couple of nights Some students feel that the practice test questions are slightly easier than the real exam questions, especially the practice free-response questions No chapter-specific practice questions for topic review Summary This is a reliable review book if you have a month or two to study and are looking for good test-taking strategies.I’d recommend it for most students because of its relatable tone and easy-to-grasp explanations.Just make sure you continue to supplement with additional practice tests and questions from other sources! Best Long-Term Review Book Barron’s AP Human Geographyor Barron's AP Human Geography Plus CD Price: $9.55 by itself, $22.60 with CD Pros: Two full practice exams with answers and explanations in the book Two additional practice tests with automatic scoring and answer explanations if you get it with the CD (four full practice tests total!) Diagnostic test that includes a chart to help you map out your mistakes and see what you actually need to study Good survey of the different types of questions you’ll see on the test and the best way to solve each of them Does a good job of sticking to the content you need to know for the test Glossary of key terms after each chapter Cons: FRQs overestimate the difficulty of the actual exam questions a bit Practice multiple-choice questions are very heavy on basic vocabulary knowledge; there could be more questions that ask you to take your knowledge a bit further Dense with long paragraphs, harder to get through than Princeton Review Summary Overall, people have been happy with this book.Although Barron’s has a reputation for getting way too in-depth, I didn’t see as many complaints in that vein about this book.It covers all the key concepts and terms, and it doesn't go too far beyond the scope of the test.I’d recommend it if you have a few months before the test, and you don’t mind a somewhat drier style of writing.You might also consider getting theBarron’s AP Human Geography Flashcards (for the added price of $10.86) if you want an easy way to test yourself on all the terminology. Best Short-Term Review Book AP Human Geography Crash Course (REA) Price: $9.84 Pros Nice overview of all the geographic models you have to know for the exam Short and sweet review of all topics written in an accessible manner Smart, succinct advice on test-taking strategies Cons Only one practice exam, which isn’t included in the book itself (you have to go to the online REA Study Center - you’ll get an access code if you buy the book) Not enough information to use for self-study during the course itself Summary This is a great book for a quick reviewin the weeks before the test.It's the most directly exam-oriented book of all the options on this list, so it's a smart choice if you just want a straightforward, easy-to-digest guide to essential concepts. Supplemental AP Human GeographyBooks In this section, I'll list a couple more books that I wouldn't consider essential review materials but are still useful for additional practice. These books are not quite as high-quality as the first three. However, if you run out of practice tests or want to see the content presented in a slightly different way, you might consider adding one of them to your repertoire. Kaplan AP Human Geography Price: $14.56 Pros Two full-length practice tests plus a diagnostic test to assess your areas of weakness Strategies from actual AP teachers and students who got 5s on the exam Review questions at the end of each content chapter so you can test yourself topic by topic Easy-to-read format that’s not too wordy or too sparse on content Cons I don’t fully agree with the free-response advice (writing a conclusion for your free response answers on this exam? Not worth your time.) Practice questions are less challenging than the real test questions Summary This book is along the same lines as the Princeton Review and Barron’s, but it's not quite as good.You can use it for additional practice materials and piecemealreview of individual topics,but be wary of the fact that the questions are slightly easier than the ones you’ll see on the AP test. 5 Steps to a 5 AP Human Geography Price: $13.30 Pros Three study plans that you can choose from based on your schedule and learning style Three full practice exams Sets of review questions at the end of each content chapter Answer explanations that also include explanations of why the other choices are incorrect (lacking in a lot of other review books) Cons Sparse on test-taking tips Content review is not as thorough as it could be Summary This book has nice suggestions for planning out your prep schedule.However, you should supplement it with another, more comprehensive, review book to ensure that you’re revisiting all the content that might show up on the test. Which AP Human Geography Book Should You Get? This depends on how much time you have before the test and what your style of learning is like.I’d recommend getting one of the first three books to start. If you want a quick overview of the material to use as a little boost on top of your class notes and textbook (or if you only have a couple of weeks before the test), then go for Crash Course.If you want an in-depth, mostly standalone resource for longer term self-study, you should go for Barron’s.If you have a month or two before the test and are just looking for a standard solid review book, stick with Princeton Review.Then, if you feel you need more practice materials or would like to see the content presented slightly differently, you can think about buying one of the supplemental books! What's Next? Before you get to work earning points, you should know where they come from!Find out exactly how AP exams are scored. What will you get out of a high score on the AP exam? Read this article to learn how AP credit works at colleges. If you're still working on planning out the rest of your high school schedule, take a look at this article for some advice on which AP classes you should take in the upcoming years. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Media Law Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Law Assignment - Research Paper Example Bruce would minister to his father on the phone and his stepmother Edie would listen quietly. One morning Edie asked Bruce questions about Jesus and she agreed to receive Jesus. The complainant's allegation was that the newsletter had published the story online, and one of Edith's relatives had seen it. Edith Rapp claimed that Jews for Jesus falsely alleged that she had joined their organization. In the alternative, the complainant alleged that the organization had meant that she had come to believe in the philosophy, actions and tenet of Jews for Jesus. In her second amended complaint, Edith alleged among others, false light. The court at trial allowed Jews for Jesus to have the complaint dismissed, and several paragraphs to be struck from the complaint as the Fourth District court had said that the paragraphs were primarily polemical ' against Jews for Jesus. The trial court dismissed all the subsequent complaints by Edith Rapp. On appeal, the Fourth District addressed the issue of Rapp's dismissed claims. With regard to defamation, the court was of the view that the 'common mind' reading the newsletter would not find Edith an object of among others, ridicule. The court’s conclusion was communication would only be defamatory if the plaintiff was prejudiced in the eyes of "substantial and respectable minority of the community." The conclusion of the court was that the standard had not been applied. Nevertheless, the court affirmed the dismissal of his defamation claim on the basis of the community standard applicable. False light had its origin in the common law tort of invasion of privacy. William L. Prosser, a leading scholar in tort law expounded on the tort of invasion of privacy developed this area of law. Prosser's proposal was that invasion of privacy was made of four torts, which were distinct, and among them was false light. The Supreme Court found that elements of false light and defamation overlap. The Supreme Court argued that having the tes t of "highly offensive to a reasonable person" standard has the risk of preventing free speech because the conduct, which is prohibited, is not very clear. It was the court's opinion that the law of tort is meant to prevent as well as recompense wrongful conduct, then it should be clear in identifying the wrongful conduct. The court thus found the tort of false light could not pass that test. The area in which this taught differed with defamation was ambiguous and prone to a lot of subjectivity. The court found that having "highly offensive" information recognized even when a reasonable person would find it highly offensive involved a component of subjectivity. Based on the court's review of the law in Florida and other jurisdictions, it stated that it could not ignore the overlap between defamation and false light. Though the court acknowledged that in a majority of the states does recognize false light as a cause of action, what was striking was the fact that the review of this de cision revealed that no case, in which judgment was solely based on false light cause of action has ever been successful. In conclusion, the court declined to recognize false light as a suitable cause of action in the state of Florida and quashed the Fourth District's decision in reinstating Rapp's false light claim. 2. Intrusion Intrusion is based how a person from the media behaves. Intrusion thus depends less on

Annotated bibliograpghy Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bibliograpghy - Annotated Bibliography Example 1996) highlights the communication system used in China. This article speaks of a market survey that was conducted by Lingdian Research, Beijing in Aug. 1996 that found that about 4% of China’s high income group to have become avid email users. The survey also found that about 80% of Chinese people make use of the internet for only email. This has resulted in a drop of using the World Wide Web in China. Sendall, D.M. (1997). â€Å"The future of the World Wide Web and its impact on our institutions†. Portland Press Ltd. Retrieved on March 11, 2009 from www.portlandpress.com/pp/books/online/tiepac/session1/ch6.htm This article speaks of the advancement in technology in relation to the World Wide Web and the impact it has on the various institutions especially in the case of publishing and the rest of the academic community. Sendall, D.M (1997) is of the opinion, that the Web could have a very profound effect on traditional

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP - Thesis Example This paper focused on women in leadership and how women face resistance regardless of how they prove that they are equal to men and regardless of what position they hold within the organization or political presence. This paper also recognized women that have struggled to achieve their leadership status and the qualitative leadership behaviors that have led to their success. It has been proven that women in business still continue to raise controversy in organizations when men are referred to as the backbone an organization. It has been said that men are compensated 10 to 25% more than women in the same position. Research has proven that although women are â€Å"created as equal,† they still struggle to be considered for positions that a man has previously held despite their education, proven accomplishments, and abilities to make change within the organization (Ross, 2011). The importance and benefits of having women in powerful positions outweigh the negatives. For example, their ability to communicate, be more productive, focused, and have more of an inter relationship with their subordinates (Ross, 2011). A woman in leadership is important because it is believed that men can provide both tangible and intangible benefits to an organization. On the contrary, women are just as capable of offering the same benefits as men (Lincoln and Guba, 2000). â€Å"In order to be an effective leader, you must possess the qualities of having a vision, courage, and interpersonal communication skills† (Lincoln and Guba, 2000). According to (Lips, 2009), power operates as a social structure, made up of numerous practices that maintain a cultural system of dominance. The practices that maintain a power system include patterns of discourse, shared understandings about and participation in a set of values, expectations, norms and

Birth Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birth Trauma - Essay Example The phenomenon of interest helps to shape the details or the way the study advances; which isn't directly mentioned in the study. The philosophical underpinnings of the research described in the article are irrational striving to prove that birth trauma is an illusion on behalf of the sufferer. The standpoint here is that on an average, of all the studies mentioned in the article; only Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was observed which 25 % of the eligible mothers were suffering from. The concept of birth trauma is vastly seen as routine and flexibility of opinions is none whatsoever. Hence, it is of concern to find out the hidden meaning and experiences not of PTSD but of birth trauma. Whilst, the research on birth trauma does not consider nursing to have any effect on it though it does contribute to it one way or another. The method used was through a research centre which was compatible; conceivably not to a great extent, when considering the amount of women who participated in the study. The only requirement was to narrate the experience of going through birth trauma. This was not enough because the reasons for the occurring of trauma were not identified. The years from the occurrence of birth trauma were in some cases more than a decade ago. Therefore, tangible parts may have been forgotten or altered in the memory especially if any feelings of resentments weren't addressed in all that time. Sampling Selection of participants was straightforward with a few basic requirements. The use of purposive sampling showed that the criterion for participating was simply based on mothers who have gone through birth trauma. Purposive sampling is used to prove a particular point, which was suitable for the research being carried out as it can be easily approached to a group of people, though it is subject to error. Thus, help in increasing the outlook on the experiences. While the chosen informants were suitable for the research, in a sense, that they were ready to reveal their personal experiences. Human Subject Protection There was no mention of protection of humans; just a personal experience of the implications of birth trauma on their lives. Though the words quoted in the article were anonymous for protection of the mothers. Moreover, there was no such need for security of the participants as the phenomenon was only used to draft the results. Data Collection The collection of data was largely and solely focused on the human experience of the trauma through emails containing stories. Almost all the data was collected through the internet which took a maximum of one and a half year. Whereas, spent six months were spent in extracting the significant information from the accounts: data saturation or redundancy. Data Analysis The strategies used were made illustrative by arranging them into themes of four groups relevant to the experiences and authenticated with the candidates. Authentication guaranteed the absence of any factual error made intentionally or unintentionally in the data analyzed. The analysis of the data was straightforward and unambiguous as general or common feelings were taken into account; enhancing the significance of the experience. Credibility of the information or data received, from the

Annotaed bibliography and rephrase Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annotaed and rephrase - Annotated Bibliography Example He notes that socialist markets are controlled and do not respond the forces of demand and supply. In his context, this policy indirectly recommends women and children to work, centrally to capitalism where anyone works at their own wish. In addition, he says that this trend can be changeable the respect the natural forces of the market. David Stark’s article is an important source of knowledge. It would mostly help someone to know the differences of socialism and capitalism. It would also enable one to know why socialism was popular in the industrial revolution of America and how it ended. The objective of the article is achieved since it gives a vivid description of socialism, capitalism, and the industrial revolution in America. His article was of much help to me since it informed, me of the differences of socialism and capitalism as it pertains to industrial revolution in America. Chapters in this article could be used in classes to explain the notable differences he gives of socialism. Information contained in this article could be used in research projects as a hypothesis to enable the researcher prove the differences indicated in this article. Problems arose in contemporary America because of socialism. Labor unions powers have largely been eliminated and capitalists can engage in any transactions aimed at reducing the cost of labor thus weakening workers and socialism. Workers are threatened since the socialist inspired safety nets have been abolished (Bissett

Birth Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birth Trauma - Essay Example The phenomenon of interest helps to shape the details or the way the study advances; which isn't directly mentioned in the study. The philosophical underpinnings of the research described in the article are irrational striving to prove that birth trauma is an illusion on behalf of the sufferer. The standpoint here is that on an average, of all the studies mentioned in the article; only Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was observed which 25 % of the eligible mothers were suffering from. The concept of birth trauma is vastly seen as routine and flexibility of opinions is none whatsoever. Hence, it is of concern to find out the hidden meaning and experiences not of PTSD but of birth trauma. Whilst, the research on birth trauma does not consider nursing to have any effect on it though it does contribute to it one way or another. The method used was through a research centre which was compatible; conceivably not to a great extent, when considering the amount of women who participated in the study. The only requirement was to narrate the experience of going through birth trauma. This was not enough because the reasons for the occurring of trauma were not identified. The years from the occurrence of birth trauma were in some cases more than a decade ago. Therefore, tangible parts may have been forgotten or altered in the memory especially if any feelings of resentments weren't addressed in all that time. Sampling Selection of participants was straightforward with a few basic requirements. The use of purposive sampling showed that the criterion for participating was simply based on mothers who have gone through birth trauma. Purposive sampling is used to prove a particular point, which was suitable for the research being carried out as it can be easily approached to a group of people, though it is subject to error. Thus, help in increasing the outlook on the experiences. While the chosen informants were suitable for the research, in a sense, that they were ready to reveal their personal experiences. Human Subject Protection There was no mention of protection of humans; just a personal experience of the implications of birth trauma on their lives. Though the words quoted in the article were anonymous for protection of the mothers. Moreover, there was no such need for security of the participants as the phenomenon was only used to draft the results. Data Collection The collection of data was largely and solely focused on the human experience of the trauma through emails containing stories. Almost all the data was collected through the internet which took a maximum of one and a half year. Whereas, spent six months were spent in extracting the significant information from the accounts: data saturation or redundancy. Data Analysis The strategies used were made illustrative by arranging them into themes of four groups relevant to the experiences and authenticated with the candidates. Authentication guaranteed the absence of any factual error made intentionally or unintentionally in the data analyzed. The analysis of the data was straightforward and unambiguous as general or common feelings were taken into account; enhancing the significance of the experience. Credibility of the information or data received, from the

Before Sunset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Before Sunset - Essay Example The movie has rightfully earned great critical acclaim for portraying the lives of two individuals, who love each other dearly but are always pulled apart because of their circumstances. Moreover, it was not just the plot of the story that was laudable but the premise of the film further entails several themes regarding the geographical and urban design of the contemporary society that has greatly isolated people and restricted interaction on a daily basis. Even in the past, films were tools that were used vastly as a means to promote a particular city or culture. The entire filming before sunrise was done in Paris, providing insight into how urban structure seems to have affected the lives of the masses. The film depicts the life of both the protagonists and the degree to which their lives had changed over the period of their separation. Both Jesse and Celine portray contemporary individuals, who experience the rising problems of an urban society; loneliness being one of the primary issues. This concept is called urban isolation, which arises as a result of the layout of our society that prevents social encounters and interactions. From architecture to the overall communication network, modern civilization has been developed in such a way to protect the privacy of individuals that besides making things easier for people often results in people becoming more and more distant from each other. As a matter of fact, from residential buildings to everyday travel, privacy and seclusion are marketed as an asset and this feature is being made more attractive that makes people want to achieve it. This aspect is ostensible in the movie through the segregation that is believed to have been prolonged because of this aspect of the society. From the first movie, both of them had been heading towards opposite directions, although their circumstances kept them from reaching out to each other, but the period of their separation was further

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay Example for Free

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay I hope and elieve that you will be kind enough to consider any types of mistakes that occurred at the time of preparing this proposal. Thank you. Yours sincerely, Roll : 24040 Executive Summary A few comments on the organization and content of the report may be helpful to reader. In doing so, we realize that some topics may be more important to some reader then to other. For that reason we some advanced material (e. g. questionnaires) appears in appendices. Our goal is to help the reader who must compare financial position of these two companies. First we focused on the essential element of this report. We have included here the introduction of this report, objectives of the report, findings, methodology, so that the reader can get ideas easily. The second part is very important from the sense of this report. Here we have given our recommendation of the report. We have tried out level best to give the commendation neutrally. It also contains the conclusion of this report. Contents: Topic Page Introduction Objective of the Report Limitation of the Study Literature 2 Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusion 11 Introduction: Financial Statement includes the Balance Sheet, Income statement and other tatement which determine the companys performance. Financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from information in companys financial statements. Financial ratios are the analysts microscope. It allowed them to get a better view of the firms financial health than Just looking at the raw financial statements. Objective of the Report This term paper is prepared under submitted as a major requirement of the Financial Accounting Course. Financial Accounting provides the facts needed to make informed economic as well as operational control. Limitation of the study is about: ) Based on only secondary source of data b) Time bound restrict me for further research on the topic c) possible to analyze every ratio of the financial statement There is not Literature: Financial Ratio: Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation. Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business and measures the ability of a usiness to repay its debts over the period of next 12 months. Current ratio is calculated using the following formula: Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities Receivables Turnover Ratio An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Receivables turnover ratio = Net receivable sales/ Average accounts receivables Inventory Turnover A ratio showing how many times a companys inventory is sold and replaced over a period. The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or inventory turnover days. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Asset Turnover : The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Average Total Assets Return On Asset: An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.

The Cloud Computing Assignment

The Cloud Computing Assignment With the development of Internet and computer software technology, there is a long term existence of a new trend expected to continue, which is the so-called Cloud Computing. (Hu, L et al, 2009) Boss et al. (2007, p. 4) argue that a Cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. (Weinhardt, C et al, 2008) This paper will briefly look into the definitions of cloud computing and its service models, and introduces a cloud computing service by Google for education and universities with its benefits. Introduction Boss et al. (2007, p. 4), argue that a Cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. They consider clouds to complement grid environments by supporting the management of grid resources. In particular, according to this definition, clouds allow the dynamic scale-in and scale -out of applications by the provisioning and de-provisioning of resources. (Weinhardt, C et al, 2008) The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as a model for enabling convenient and on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources such as networks, servers, storage, applications and services that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Wikipedia website defines cloud computing as an Internet based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like a public utility. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/300px-Cloud_computing.svg.png In cloud computing environment, applications and the storage of data are significantly different. Applications and data are hosted to the Cloud and no longer running or saved on the personal computers. The cloud is formed by a collection of servers and computers and viewing the data and using the applications are done via the Internet. Cloud computing allows the users to access the applications and information from any computer connected to the Internet from anywhere around the world. This makes the remote collaboration easier for the users. Although cloud computing brings a great flexibility and ease of use for the users, but the security and safety of the applications and information is a major concern which must be considered and be prepared to solve any problems that may occur when switching to cloud computing as web-based data and applications have potential security risks. (Hu, L et al, 2009) What Comprises Cloud Computing? According to the definition of cloud computing by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) which mentioned earlier in this paper, cloud computing promotes availability and is comprised by five essential characteristics, three cloud service models, and four cloud deployment models. (See Figure 2) Essential Characteristics Service Models Deployment Models The service models comprise; cloud software as a service (SaaS), cloud platform as a service (PaaS) and cloud infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS) The users are able to use the providers applications running on a cloud infrastructure. Users can access the applications from different client devices via a client interface such as web browsers. (For example, yahoo email which is web-based). The application providers manage and control the underlying cloud infrastructure including storage, operating systems and networks. This service model usually put limitation on configuration of the applications by users. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS) The users are capable of deploying onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created by using programming languages and tools which are supported by the providers. Like (SaaS) the users don not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including storage, operating systems and network but they have control on deployed applications and possibly are able to configure the applications. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) The users are provided with the capability of provision processing, storage, and networks and able to deploy and run arbitrary software including operating systems and applications. Like the other two services that mentioned above, the users do not manage the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over deployed applications, storage and operating systems. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009) Discussion The Internet service providers such as Amazon, Google and IBM are extending computing infrastructures and platforms as a core for providing top level services for computation, storage, database and applications. Figure 3 gives an overview of the type of cloud computing services on demand and their providers. Universities needs for ICT and cloud computing In a very simplified way, the needs for ICT in a university are demonstrated in figure 4. There are different groups and departments in a university including students and staff who have demand for IT services. As shown in figure 4, an IT department should provide software such as email accounts, special applications for different courses and hardware such as computers and servers for the users. The IT department can shift these services to the cloud to enable students and staff using these services via the providers of SaaS, IaaS and PaaS. For example, an application which is launched by a student resides on the server of the SaaS cloud provider and is accessed via the Internet. Another example is, many of the Customer Relationships Management (CRM) software such as SugarCRM, Oracle and Microsoft CRM are on host SaaS as well as on premise. The same situation applies when extra hardware such as virtual servers or computers is needed for students and staff. In this scenario, the IaaS cloud provider will execute the service online. If a department or group in the university wants to use all the software and hardware that they need online (i.e. for hosting application developed by a group of students) then it is possible through a PaaS cloud provider. (Sultan, 2010) Cloud Computing Costs Cloud computing can help the universities to rationalize the way they manage their resources. One of the good reasons for shifting to cloud computing is to get economic benefit in current recession. Cloud computing prove to be a great benefit and empowering in some situations to the universities due to its flexibility and cost structure. (Sultan, 2010) Simplification, costs and convenience of the way of delivering computer related services via cloud computing are the keys which should be considered for shifting to the cloud. Cloud computing reduces IT costs such as installation and maintaining of applications. Also continues upgrade of software and hardware and the cost of these products is another reason for universities to consider shifting to cloud computing. To promote the university and attract students, universities should always be on the lookout for the new IT services and products. Cloud computing is a way to achieve these products (Software Hardware) at affordable prices. The electricity costs for running an IT infrastructure in a university for hardware such as servers, switches and back-up drives could be very expensive. Therefore shifting a university to cloud computing is likely to reduce these costs and other related expenses. (Joint et al, 2009) In addition, cloud computing means shifting the management and responsibility of these service and products to their provider. This may result in cost saving with relation to human resources as fewer IT employees will be needed for the IT department. Cloud Computing and the environment By reducing the number of hardware devices needed in the university to run the software and applications and replacing them with cloud computing systems, the amount of energy for running and cooling the hardware devices will be reduced. Also using cloud computing telecommunication techniques such as printing and file transfers reduces the need for office space, buying office furniture, disposing of old furniture, buying chemicals for cleaning the offices and more. Those cloud telecommunication techniques also may reduce the need for driving to work and resulting in decrease with relation to carbon dioxide emissions. (IBM, 2010) Google Apps for Higher Education; Less IT More IQ Google offers cloud computing services for higher education and is called Google Apps. Google Apps consists of advanced communication and collaboration tools for education and universities without the cost and complexity of maintaining on-site hardware and software free of charge and advertisements. Currently many of the universities, colleges and schools from all around the world including Kingston College, University of Leeds and University of Portsmouth in the UK are using Google Apps. (See figure 5) Google Apps enable the students getting connected to the campus with mobile access wand 7 GBs email storage which is protected against spam and viruses. It also enables them to stay connected with built-in instance messaging (IM), voice and video chat and file transfering. Students can share calendar and schedule groups, rooms and so on from even mobile phones. Creating and sharing documents such as word, spreadsheets and presentations online from any location by students and teachers is the collaboration feature of Google Apps. They can also share videos that anyone can comment on, tag and rate. Also they are able to build shared websites that include videos, images and documents, create forums and mailing lists. Using Google Apps helps the IT staff to focus on other activities such as adding value to the IT facilities rather than being worried and engaged with the IT problems which may occur. There is no software to install, and no need for hardware. Google Apps have created a multitude of APIs and have approved partners to help the universities for integrating with their existing IT system. (Google, 2010) Conclusion Cloud computing is an emerging and a good model of delivering computing services for education by relying on existing technologies such as Internet, web services and virtualization. It offers the universities substantial cost saving and more efficient way of providing IT services to the students and staff. The universities can reduce their IT services cost such as software, hardware, and maintenance of the applications and shift the responsibility of the IT services to the service providers. Google Apps is an example of cloud computing system for education which is discussed earlier in this paper. Students can get real benefits of Google Apps such as 7 GBs email storage, easy collaboration with each other and the lecturers and so on. Furthermore, cloud computing is environmentally friendly as the reduction in number of hardware devices decreases the amount of energy for running and cooling those devices. Also cloud computing telecommunication techniques reduces the need for driving to work and results in reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. It is important to consider that cloud computing might not be suitable for all organisations such as those which the loss of service as a result of cloud problems is a major concern and may have an impact on their customer services and loss of sales. Unreliable IT services in a university makes a bad reputation and have effect on the university rank. In conclusion, with the speed of technology innovation and the benefits of clouding it is likely that in the near future the education centres shift their IT services to the cloud. Therefore the safety and security of the critical data and information is an issue in cloud computing which should be considered by the providers to attract the education centres. For example the law would possibly allow the governments or other organisations to access certain data and information. Thus for the time being the universities should consider clouding only on certain data and resources not the critical information.

Essay --

Prof. D. Wallace Kristian Papa Final Essay – 1 William Wells Brown & Frederick Douglass During the beginning of XVII century slaves narratives started to take another meaning. They were no longer writing just about their sufferings and how bad were their mistress. At this period we notice that famous narrative writers such as, Frederic Douglas and William Wells Brown, were focusing their writings on the importance of literacy. Their narratives are important for the fact that, now they want to make slaves to reflect about their situation. Later we are going to see how both of them, in a way, connect literacy with freedom. â€Å"Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.†(Douglass, ***) This was the importance that Douglass gave to literacy. He thinks that now it’s the time when slaves should react. He sees as no other way to save their souls and lives, but to stand against their slaveholders for their rights. He reminds them that: â€Å"I prayed for freedom for twenty years, but received no answer until I prayed with my legs† and â€Å"Without a struggle, there can be no progress.† (Douglass, ***) Adding this thoughts and actions to his narrative he prays also for the other slaves, so they will find the force to escape as Douglass did. We can see this call for freedom that should come from within the slave society, also in Wells Brown. "The last struggle for our rights, the battle for our civilization, is entirely with ourselves." (William Wells Brown, ***) The same as Douglass he points out that the problem is no more in the white society. The problem is that slaves are doing nothing to help themselves. On Wells Brown writing we can see also the fear that he feels when he argues that his people, along with their nation, are losi... ...nterpret Douglass stamen as a fear that whites felt. They felt fear from literacy. Somehow they see literacy as the rising of slaves and the ruining of whites. They saw literacy as the bridge that was destroyed from slave-owners in order to fit slaves in that category. They were afraid that literacy will bring freedom to slaves. In conclusion I would like mention the importance of literacy. We have seen that, that period, literacy was important in different ways. Literacy helped slaves to show to the world their sufferings, mistreatment and how they rights were taken away. Through their narratives they were able to start the â€Å"Abolitionist move† that was against slavery. Literacy, helped also in the conquest of slaves freedom. Through literacy they understood their rights and they saw that the gap that separated slaves form a free man was exactly, Literacy.

Policing Functions Paper

Individual Policing Functions Paper The police departments have come a long way from the way they were many years ago. The police have changed for the better but there is still room for improvement. In policing today there are a lot more officers, detectives, and other law enforcement officials accounted for then there was in the past years. When we have all of these people in the criminal system, it has made the government to be able to provide better protection for the people in the communities. Policing in the past and in the present there are many different outlooks of how the policing functions..These functions stem from different levels of law enforcement which includes the local, state, and federal organizational levels. These are very important parts of the criminal justice system, because every individual within these levels must be sure to protect citizens, enforce law, and perform the duties that are required of them in order to keep the United States safe from criminals a nd terrorist attacks from other foreign countries that might try to attack the United States. As years have passed on within policing, there are many possible future changes that will have an effect in the field of policing.Within each level of policing there are many different roles in which every individual in the policing field must take part in if they are going to be on the law enforcement team. I say this because this is a very serious 24/7 operation and the duties are never ending for each of the levels. The local law enforcement agencies were put in place to do routine patrol within the communities that are within their jurisdiction. Local police officers are also able to assist with emergency services, upholding traffic enforcement, and conduct criminal investigations.These local police officers overall role is to ensure that all citizens are safe within their communities. To ensure residents in their community, officers will ensure that they are safe by communication. Back in time officers were not to friendly with the residents they came in contact with, but that has also changed because law enforcement need residential help. Officers that work within the state level also have different functions that they must fulfill while working under the state level. State police will sometimes work with the local police officers, if need be.The state officer’s main function within the criminal justice system is ensuring that the main state highways and any rural areas within the particular state are safe. State officers are also in charge of inspecting suspicious vehicles. Under the federal government there are different agencies that have different functions. There are three popular organizations that are within the federal government in which they are Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), The United States Marshal Service, and the United States Border Patrol, in which all three organizations have different functions that must be completed correctly. The functions of the FBI are responsible for major criminal investigation such as major drug organization, and any other high profile crimes. The United States Marshal Service function is to apprehend suspects that may be on the run because of their high profile case. The Us Marshal must also transport criminals/prisoners from state to state if needed. In addition the United States Border Patrol function is to ensure that even individual that enters or exist the United States have the proper documents in order to re-gain entrance into the United States.The Border Patrol also will have the right to check for any illegal good or drugs that individuals might try to smuggle into the United States. All there organizations work hand in hand in order to protect the citizens of the county and the county as a whole. All three level of the criminal justice system have many different functions within each level organizations, but they all serve for the same purpose in which is to protect citiz ens from illegal acts, and to ensure that the United States is free from different attacks.The levels of the criminal justice system have faced many changes in the past and still more changes to come for the near future. Since the attacks on the United States occurred on September 11, 2001 it damaged the United States in the worse way. There were changes that occurred after this attack, in which affect every level in the criminal justice system. At first the levels of the criminal system were out looking for individuals that commit misdemeanors and felonies, now the main function and role of the local, state, and federal levels is to ensure that the United States is protected from terrorism.In the near future there will be more effective technology, such as upgraded computer system, radar system, and different technology features that can help pinpoint and suspect. Lastly, all three levels in the near future may become one whole. I say this because in the near future every helping h and and every set of eyes is what the government is going to need. Reasons behind this are; as the world continues to change the crimes in the near future may be worse in what it has been in the past, and how it is at this current moment.These changes may have affected each level of law enforcement but the positive outcome of the change for all levels is that all local, state, and federal agencies now have the ability to share and use information with each other. This is a great choice because all levels will always be on the same page, and will all be alerted if something arises in the United States. All missions, functions, and roles within all levels still remain the same. The local, state, and federal level must learn how to maintain the crime level at the same time while protecting the country from for highly dangerous terrorist attacks.Thus the criminal justice system and the levels local, state, and federal level are always going to face different situations and will always e ncounter changes within the system. At all time the local, state, and federal level must still maintain all functions that are required from them. As stated in this paper it has examined the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational level. In this paper it has addressed the possible future changes in laws and the overall impact that these levels must face in the field of policing.

Cause and Effectof Joining the Military Essay

The U.S. Army is the oldest, most established branch of the military. â€Å"The U.S. Army traces it’s heritage back to the 1600’s and the period of colonization.†(Historcal Dictionary of the US Army) Since then, the Army has changed. The Army has a lot more to offer now than it did Two Hundred and Thirty eight years ago. There are many benefits to joining the Army from medical to bonus pays. College tuition costs are rising faster than ever. Not only do college students have to take out student loans after student loans, most have to work part time or even full time jobs to go to college, which delays their education, sometimes taking an associates four years to complete. Joining the Army, upon entry you are able to choose a GI Bill option. There are different versions of the GI Bill, but all allow you to attend college without having to worry about tuition costs. I am using my Post 9/11 GI Bill and for 36 months, my GI Bill pays full tuition, a book stipend, and a monthly housing allowance. Not only is there the GI Bill option, but while active duty or reserve, you can take advantage of their tuition assistance program. The program covers one hundred percent of tuition costs. As both of these programs are wonderful, there are effects to it. The GI Bill only covers everythign one hundred percent for thirty six months. If you are wanting to get a Bachelor’s Degree, you would need to take at least fifteen credit hours per semester, without taking any semesters off, in order to get your Bachelor’s using your GI Bill with no out of pocket expenses. If using the tuition assistance program, you are working full-time. You have your soldier-duties as well as going to school. There are days that you may need to miss class because you need to pull a twenty four hour watch, which may take a toll on your grade. The Army provides free healthcare to soldiers and their family. The cost of healthcare insurance is expensive, and you still have to pay out of pocket expenses from co-pays to half of a bill from the hospital. With the Army, everything is covered. Even though the healthcare is free, it is for soldiers and their families. There are a small amounts of doctors for a large amount of people. So even though the healthcare is free, you often have to wait longer periods of time for an appointment and when you really need an appointment fast, it doesn’t always work out. If you were to need to go to an urgent care clinic, you need to get permission from the military insurance company. When joining the military, you take a test in order to see what skills you are strongest. You are given a score and depending on your score, determines what job in the Army you can choose. Jobs in the Army range from infantryman to LPN’s. (http://www.goarmy.com/careers-and-jobs/browse-career-and-job-categories/combat.html) The higher the score, the more options of jobs there are available to you. Right now there are roughly one hundred and ninety jobs in the Army. Some jobs are in higher demand than others. When joining the Army, if you choose one of the high demand jobs, you might get a bonus for choosing the job. After receiving the bonus money, usually given in a lump sum, if you were to have to get out of the Army during a certain time period after receiving the bonus, you would have to pay the bonus money back. Sometimes the bonus could be up to teh thousand dollars. Even though the Army offers the benefits mentioned, plus many more, you also have to think of the toll it takes on your family. In the Army, you move around roughly every three years. If you were to deploy, you would be gone for 9 months plus, without seeing your family. Some deployments are easier than others, as some let you skype with your family daily to a few times weekly, and others maybe once a month. For children is is hard moving around, making friends and then leaving them, making new friends all over again, and it takesa a toll on them academically. Some children may even have to stay back a year depending on the time of the year they move. With all the benefits available to you and that the military offers, there are many effects to consider. They are all great, but the effects don’t only effect you, but also your family and loved ones. You would have to consider what you choose, how it effects others lives as well. From personal experience, the Army is wonderful and offers a lot to not only myself, but my family as well. It allowed me to provide for my family and also set me up for my future. Flow & Rhythm (Sentence Fluency) All sentences sound natural and are easy-on-the-ear when read aloud. Each sentence is clear and has an obvious emphasis. Almost all sentences sound natural and are easy-on-the-ear when read aloud, but 1 or 2 are stiff and awkward or difficult to understand. Most sentences sound natural and are easy-on-the-ear when read aloud, but several are stiff and awkward or are difficult to understand. The sentences are difficult to read aloud because they sound awkward, are distractingly repetitive, or difficult to  understand. Sequencing (Organization) Details are placed in a logical order and the way they are presented effectively keeps the interest of the reader. Details are placed in a logical order, but the way in which they are presented/introduced sometimes makes the writing less interesting. Some details are not in a logical or expected order, and this distracts the reader. Many details are not in a logical or expected order. There is little sense that the writing is organized. Introduction (Organization) The introduction is inviting, states the main topic and previews the structure of the paper. The introduction clearly states the main topic and previews the structure of the paper, but is not particularly inviting to the reader. The introduction states the main topic, but does not adequately preview the structure of the paper nor is it particularly inviting to the reader. There is no clear introduction of the main topic or structure of the paper. Commitment (Voice) The writer successfully uses several reasons/appeals to try to show why the reader should care or want to know more about the topic. The writer successfully uses one or two reasons/appeals to try to show why the reader should care or want to know more about the topic. The writer attempts to make the reader care about the topic, but is not really successful. The writer made no attempt to make the reader care about the topic. Transitions (Organization) A variety of thoughtful transitions are used. They clearly show how ideas are connected. Transitions clearly show how ideas are connected, but there is little variety. Some transitions work well; but connections between other ideas are fuzzy. The transitions between ideas are unclear or nonexistent. Works Cited Brown, Jerold E. Historical Dictionary of the US Army. Westport, CT, USA : Greenwood Press, Dec 2000. 15 Nov 2004. 4 Nov 2013 .

Low Involvement Theory Essay

1.0 BACKGROUND OF FOUNDER They are two founders who developed Interpersonal Deception Theory. Judee Burgoon or known as Professor Burgoon is the director of Human Communication Research for The Management of Information Centre. Besides that, she is also She is Professor of Communication and Professor of Family Studies and Human Development at the University of Arizona She was the PHD holder from West Virgina University. Professor Burgoon has authored 7 books and over 240 articles, chapters and reviews related to nonverbal and relational communication, interpersonal relationship, the impact of new communication technologies on human and human-computer interaction, and other researches. Among the theories that she almost notably linked are Interpersonal Adaptation Theory, Expectancy Violations Theory and Interpersonal Deception Theory. During her career, she has received many awards such as, NCA’s Golden Anniversary Monographs Awards, the Charles H. Woolbert Research Award for Scholarship of Lasting Impact. In 1999, she got the National Communication Association’s Distinguished Scholar Award, its highest award for lifetime of scholarly achievement. While in 2006, she awarded the Steven Chaffee Career Productivity Award. The awards that she gained show that she was talented American Academic. The second founder is David Buller. Professor David Buller was the Professor at Northern Illinois University. He was the philosophy professor. Besides that he also was the writer. Among his publication are Function, Selection and Design, in 1999, Adapting Minds, Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature in 2005. He has also contributed a lot in writing articles to books and journals. During his career, Buller has experience in finance, management, operations and sales. He has served as chairman of the Writing Committee for Social Studies Standards for Minnesota public schools. In his community he has served on the Hugo Planning Commission and political party precinct chair. As an active member of several professional organizations, he has been president of both the Strategic Leadership Forum and the Association for Corporate Growth. He was also a leader of the Edison Electric Institute Strategy Group and the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals. He was graduated from the Centre for Business Intelligence. He was died in 2011. 2.0 BACKGROUND OF THEORY Interpersonal deception theory (IDT) explain the interplay between active deceivers and detectors who communicate with multiple motives, who behave strategically, whose communication behaviours mutually influence one another to produce a sequence of moves and countermoves, and whose communication is influenced by the situation in which the deception transpires (EmGriffin, 2000). IDT attempts to explain the manner in which individuals deal with actual or perceived deception on the conscious and subconscious levels while engaged in face-to-face communication (Buller, 1996). This theory is an interpersonal theory that a set of unchanging assumptions concerning interpersonal communication in general and deception in particular. This theory is developed by Judee Burgoon and David Buller. The core ideas of IDT can be divided into two which are Interpersonal communication is interactive and strategies deception demands mental effort. Firstly, interpersonal communication is interactive means that interaction, rather than individuality, is at the core of their theory. For instance, if the encounter between you and Pat actually took place, both of you would be active participants, constantly adjusting your behaviour in response to feedback from each other. Whatever story you tell, you shouldn’t expect Pat to remain verbally and nonverbally mute (EmGriffin, 2000). (Judee K.Burgoon, 1996) Second idea is strategies deception demands mental efforts which means that successful deceiver must consciously manipulate information to create a plausible message, present it in a sincere manner, monitor reactions, prepare follow-up responses, and get ready for damage control of a tarnished image-all at the same time. For example, If you choose to be less than honest in your surprise encounter with Pat, you may find yourself unable to attend to every aspect of deception, and some of your communication behaviour will go on à ¢â‚¬Å"automatic pilot.† (EmGriffin, 2000). 3.0 MAIN CONCEPTS/ VARIABLES 3.1 Leakage Leakage concept is the behaviour outside of the deceptive Sender’s conscious control, mostly nonverbal in character, can signal dishonesty and it is applied in IDT. The concept was developed by Miron Zuckerman, who created a four-factor model to explain when and why leakage is apt to occur (A.Fos, 2005). First, deceiver’s intense attempt to control information can produce performances that come across as too slick. Second, lying causes physiological arousal. Third, the predominant felt emotions that accompany deceit are guilt and anxiety. Fouth, the complex cognitive factors involved in deception can tax the brain beyond its capacity (EmGriffin, 2000). Under the four-factor model the extreme concentration required by an individual engaged in deception and employing the compensating mechanisms to mask that deceit may result in their performance appearing polished or rehearsed. Lying also causes a sender to become psychologically and physiological aroused. Suc h arousal is difficult to mask and will eventually evidence itself. It is this very principle on which the polygraph machine is base (A.Fos, 2005). 3.2 Truth bias According to Burgoon and Buller, people tend to regard interpersonal message as honest, complete, direct, relevant and clear although when the speaker lying to them. McCornack claims that there exists an implied social contract that all of us will be honest with each other. It means that a mutual understanding that our messages will reflect reality as we know it. Besides that, Burgoon and Buller also convinced that people who know and like each other are particularly resistant to doubting ach others’ words. For example, the warmth relationships are motivated to find truth in whatever the other says and thus overlook or rationalize away statements that others might find questionable. (EmGriffin, 2000). 3.3 Suspicion Buller and Burgoon picture suspicion as a mid-range mind-set, located somewhere between truth and falsity. In spite of the many ways that respondents could become suspicious, Buller and Burgoon have found that it’s difficult to induce a deep-seated scepticism. Doubters tend to favour indirect methods to gain more information, but there is scant evidence that these probes help unmask deception (Judee K.Burgoon, 1996). Suspicion occurs when someone is tried to find the truth from the others. The person becomes suspicious with people who make them unconfident to believe what the others talk about. It usually happens when the person does not believe what the person says and he/she will not accept the word hundred percent truths. For instance, when you have cheated by someone, it is hard to believe that person again. You become suspicious to whatever the person says to you. 3.4 Interactivity Interpersonal deception theory views deception through the interactivity of interpersonal communication. As such, it considers deception as an interactive process between a sender and receiver. In contrast with previous studies of deception that focused on the sender and receiver individually, IDT focuses on the dyadic, relational and dialogic of deceptive communication. Next, Dyadic communication refers to communication between two people. A dyad is a group of two people between whom messages are sent and received. While relational means that refers to communication in which meaning is created by two people simultaneously filling the roles of both sender and receiver. Dialogic activity refers to the active communicative language of the sender and receiver, each relying upon the other within the exchange. Deception uses when the communication of one participant is deliberately false. For a variety of reasons, including receivers’ own cognitive loading from ongoing information management and the development of rapport between parties as interaction unfolds, receivers will typically judge senders more favorably than passive observers. Obviously, there is a correlation between the level of favorable impression of the sender and the ultimate chances of undetected deception (Burgoon, 1996). 3.5 Strategic behaviour When the Receiver doubts the truthfulness of the information conveyed they will give clues in the form of non-typical behaviours. This will occur even if they attempt to mask such behaviours. Strategic behaviour is the proper behaviour or reaction that people use to act like nothing is happen or trying to hide a secret or the truth. However, deceptive senders are by their nature more attuned to sensing suspicion than the receivers are to sensing deception. Thus, senders will adjust their message and its manner of presentation if they sense suspicion. This serves to make deception all the more difficult to detect. For instance, there is what is known as the â€Å"Othello error.† Individuals who are actually telling the truth behave in the same way when falsely accused or confronted with suspicion as do those guilty of actual deception. The term Othello error refers to the situation where a truth teller’s adaptation to a false accusation strikes the respondent as devious (Hearn, 2006). 3.6 Deception in Communication Buller and Burgoon are more concerned with an individual’s motivation than with their actual actions in determining deception. In their work they found that every deceptive act has, at its core, at least one of three motivations. The first is to accomplish some task or attain some goal. Second, the communication may be directed at maintaining or creating a relationship with the other party. Finally, deception is often used to save face of one or both of the parties to the communication. Most people are uncomfortable when engaging in deception. One way in which they deal with this feeling is to attempt to disassociate from the behaviour. For example, when people try to lie they try to react like normal but there must be something different like reducing eye contact or through their body movement. (Judee K.Burgoon, 1996) The other ways that senders deal with the deception is to engage in their masking behaviour. Masking is an attempt to protect the sender’s self-image and their relationship with the Receiver. When engaging in intentional deception senders will attempt to restrain any bodily cues which may signal deception. They may also engage in compensating behaviour, such as exhibiting extreme sincerity. The difficulty is that the detection of all of these behaviours can only be done if they are measured against the sender’s base-line behaviours (Judee K.Burgoon, 1996). 3.7 Falsification, Concealment and Equivocation One strategy is falsification where the deceiving party also referred as sender. While the person who is flat-out lies of the communication called as receiver. It means that the sender creates a fiction to deceit. For example the sender will creates a story that not really happen just only to lie or hide the truth. The second type of deception is concealment. In concealment the sender omits certain material facts which results in deceptive communication. Finally, equivocation is included in the roster of deceptive behaviour. When employing equivocation the Sender skirts issues by, for instance, by changing the subject or offering indirect responses (Hearn, 2006). Nonverbal cues A nonverbal cue is important element in IDT. People can detect deception through non verbal cues. Although people can manipulate their words, however it is difficult to hide their truth nonverbal cues. Nonverbal cues are including facial expression, eye contact, gestures and touch. When someone try to hide secret or lie, they are difficult to hide their facial expression and especially their eye contact with others. They try to reduce the eye contact with others and the way they talk, they move or react is little bit different from their usual reaction. 4.0 Development of IDT Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) is generating from the concept of nonverbal cues to detect deception during conversation. The idea of this study was come from Sigmund Freud who studied about nonverbal cues in detecting deception among people. In his study, Freud observed a patient being asked about his darkest feelings. If his mouth was shut and his fingers were trembling, he was considered to be lying. From the situation, he tried to study more about nonverbal cues. Then, in 1989, DePaulo and Kirkendol developed the Motivation Impairment Effect (MIE). This occurs when a person’s motivation to succeed at lying negatively affects on the person’s performance, making the lie less convincing. (Kirekendol, 2011). MIE states the harder people try to deceive others, the more likely they are to get caught. Burgoon and Floyd, however, revisited this research and formed the idea that deceivers are more active in their attempt to deceive than most would anticipate or expect. For instance, DePaulo has estimated the human ability to detect deception at 53%, which she states is â€Å"not much better than flipping a coin.† She has also stated that â€Å"human accuracy is really just better than chance.† (Hearn, 2006). In 1996, IDT was developed by two communication professors, David B. Buller and Judee K. Burgoon. They restudied the studies made by Sigmund Freud, nonverbal cues, and then they observed DePaulo and Kirkendol† studies which they developed about Motivation Impairment Effect. Judee Burgoon and David Buller then combined both studies and they studied in depth about deception in conversation among people. Prior to their study, deception had not been fully considered as a communication activity, it is more like theory of communication strategies use to lie or hide the truth information from others. Previous work had focused upon the formulation of principles of deception. The principles of Interpersonal Deception Study were derived by evaluating the lie detection ability of individuals observing unidirectional communication (Hearn, 2006). The early studies of Interpersonal Deception Theory found initially that, although humans are far from perfect in their efforts to diagnose lies, they are substantially better at the task than would result merely by chance. However, this statement should be contrasted with subsequent statements made by the same researchers. Buller and Burgoon discount the value of highly controlled studies. Therefore, IDT is based on two-way communication and intended to describe deception as an interactive communicative process (Hearn, 2006). Based over years of the author’s and other scholars’ research, IDT expound on the dynamics properties of interpersonal communication, nonverbal behaviour, message processing, credibility and deception as it is achieved through interpersonal interaction. 5.0 Application of IDT IDT demonstrate that people are poor at detecting deception. Thus, it is crucial that one not rely upon a perceived ability to detect deception in the negotiation context. There are habitual liars who compulsively engage in deception. However, most people do not lie without reason. It is natural to think that deception would be beneficial to any negotiating party. Many statements will be made in the course of a negotiation. Not all statements will completely true or completely false. The language used to achieve a specific task can be varied as the people who feel a need to deceive. Yet Buller and Burgoon list some characteristic that reflect strategic intent. 5.1 Uncertainty and vagueness If we do not want our friend to know about our absent for class yesterday, we must keep the answer short and noncommittal. If we say, â€Å"I’m sick† the brevity precludes detail to challenge (Burgoon, 2000). Another way is to speak in the passive voice and use indefinite pronouns. 5.2 Nonimmediacy, reticence, and withdrawal We wish not to be there when our friend ask why we did not come to class yesterday. That desire to be out of the situation is often encoded in nonverbal actions. We might sit further apart that others, or lean back rather than forward as our answer. Words also can show nonimmediacy when the speaker changes verbs from present to past tense (Burgoon, 2000). 5.3 Disassociation This is the way of distancing yourself from what you have done. Levelers are inclusive terms that do this by removing individual choice (Burgoon, 2000). For example, we will tell our friends that everyone has done it and not attending class is normal. All of these linguistic constructions sever the personal connection between the actor and the act of deception. 5.4 Image- and relationship-protecting behavior Since discovery could hurt their reputations and threaten their relationship, they consciously strive to suppress the bodily cues that might signal deception. To mask the cues that leak out despite their best efforts, they try to appear extra sincere. Deceivers tend to nod in agreement when the respondent speaks, avoid interrupting, and smile frequently (Burgoon, 2000). 5.5 Flood the circuits Interpersonal Deception Theory demonstrates that when a Sender’s cognitive abilities are â€Å"overloaded† they will begin to leak. It stands to reason that the greater the load, the greater the leak and the easier its detection. Another major premise of Interpersonal Deception Theory is that individuals are poor lie detectors in one-on-one communication situations. Thus, it would appear to be to a negotiator’s advantage to increase the load on their opposite (Burgoon, 2000). 5.6 Falsification, Concealment and Equivocation One strategy is falsification where the deceiving party also referred as sender. While the person who is flat-out lies of the communication called as receiver. It means that the sender creates a fiction to deceit. For example the sender will creates a story that not really happen just only to lie or hide the truth. The second type of deception is concealment. In concealment the sender omits certain material facts which results in deceptive communication. Finally, equivocation is included in the roster of deceptive behaviour. When employing equivocation the Sender skirts issues by, for instance, by changing the subject or offering indirect responses (Hearn, 2006).