The Foolproof Cbest Test Essay Topics Strategy

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Application Of Individual Voluntary Consent - 853 Words

Despite many ethical guidelines, various issues stay debatable, including the relevance, prioritization, and application of individual voluntary informed consent in developing countries. The practical problems of informed consent in developing countries are huge due to several factors, including relatively low levels of formal education, lack of access to good quality health care services, and in some circumstances, diverse values, knowledges of health and illness. HIV research in developing countries has caused in amplified arguments of ethical concerns, mainly the subject of the quality of informed consent. The ethical dilemmas in the standards of informed consent applied by research institutions and pharmaceutical companies of HIV clinical trials in developing countries will be discussed. 2. Vulnerability and Informed Consent in Research and Health Care a) Vulnerability and Vulnerable Populations â€Å"Vulnerability† term is a fairly new one in the discourse of bioethics; it was used in the Belmont Report in 1979 for the first time. The meaning of the concept has gradually evolved over time. At first, vulnerability was reflected as a special deliberation in the application of the bioethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, mostly applicable in the framework of research with human beings. In the 1993 CIOMS guidelines, the notion of â€Å"vulnerability† developed to include a distinctive application of the principle of justice and the principle of respectShow MoreRelatedEthical Principles And Guidelines For The Protection Of Human Subjects Of Research1005 Words   |  5 Pagespractically, there are times when one principle is given more weight. The purpose of this essay is to place these three principles within the context of pediatric research to understand their practical application and how tension may arise between the three princi ples. First, their practical application. In research, the principle of respect for persons (i.e. autonomy) is concerned with an individual’s capacity to act according to their own will and life plans. Simply put, respect for persons statesRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Medical/Nursing Research and Identify Associated Dilemmas, Analyze the History of Ethics and Research, and Identify Areas of Conflict Between Research and Ethics1102 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages that can follow the research in which they do to get to where they need to go in their research and advancements. The benefits and risks of participating in a trial can vary depending on the type and purpose of each individual trial they run. Some advantages of clinical trials which are done for the purpose of testing medicine, medical devices and treatments that are made available for human health. I have listed below some of the advantages in doing this: ThoseRead MoreUnreliability Of Eyewitness Testimony1383 Words   |  6 PagesUnreliability of Eyewitness Testimony, as a Result of Leading Questions Eyewitness testimony is a legal term that refers to an account given by individuals of an event they have witnessed. Juries tend to pay close attention to eyewitness testimony and generally find it a reliable source of information. However, research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus conducted a study inRead MoreThe Definition of Marrige in Hyde V Hyde 18661731 Words   |  7 PagesHyde v Hyde 1866 defined the term marriage as: â€Å"The voluntary union of one man and one woman at the exclusion of all others for life†. This definition is built of the back of a very morally religious country, and in fact prior to the definition it uses the words â€Å"in christendom† . The basis of this concept can be traced right back to the creation of religion with the creation of Adam and Eve as Husband and Wife in the bible . This position has stood the test of time and is still to some extent trueRead MoreEssay On Genome Sequencing1094 Words   |  5 Pagessymptoms appear. Genome sequencing cost have now decrease to a price range like other complex medical test to be readily available for clinical application. It is possible for genome sequencing to replace or supplement the existing traditional panels for newborn screening tests . The newborn genome sequencing can provide more information on the health of the individuals and give a forecast of the lifetime of medical care on treatable childhood diseases and conditions which may occur in adulthood. Now thereRead MoreThe Canada And The Gay Rights Movement1003 Words   |  5 Pagesare over 21 (BC Teachers’ Federation, 2016). The Code was further amended to drop the age of consent for anal sex from 18 and 14 for other sexual activity and it was recognized that a higher age for consent of anal sex was unconstitutional (BC Teachers’ Federation, 2016). Since then there have been many changes to the political and social system in Canada to be able to improve the rights not only individuals whom are part of the LGBTQ community, but also for those whom are in same sex relationshipsRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesmay be a preventative. Specifically, what is date rape in legal terms and who does it involve? Criminal/Deviant Behaviour Rape is traditionally defined as ‘the act of sexual intercourse committed by a man with a woman not his wife and without her consent’ (Anderson, 1997). In Canada, â€Å"rape was taken out of the Criminal Code and replaced with â€Å"sexual assault†. Sexual assault in Canada does not have a definitive definition rather just assault that is sexual in nature. It is also split into three differentRead MoreRm Citi Modules Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesGelsinger was what received public attention.) Which of the following is included in the Nuremberg Code? Voluntary Consent Informed consent is considered an application of which Belmont principle? **** Respect for Persons (Respect for persons involves respecting individual autonomy in the decision to participate in research. That respect is implemented through the process of informed consent) How should the investigator proceed, with respect to the IRB, after the discovery of the adverse eventRead MoreIs the Theft Act Applicable?1456 Words   |  6 Pagesand determine, in accordance with the rules of court, appeals from any judgment or order of the High Court or a judge thereof. Questions Presented (a) Could the finger bone be considered property for the purposes of the Theft Act? (b) Should consent have any relevance when dealing with appropriation for the purposes of the Theft Act? (c) Can the objective and subjective approach to dishonesty be applied in order to determine liability? Statement of the Case Sir Indiana Bones was charged underRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Clinical Trials1584 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolves the value and validity of the research, fair subject selection, favorable risk/benefit ratio, independent evaluation, easy to understand informed consent, and respect for enrolled patients. The major emphasis should be implemented on the patient informed consent. The researchers should consider several elements that need to be in the informed consent. The patients in the clinical trial should understand the value of the clinical trial as well as the endpoint of the clinical trial. The subjects in

Ethical Issues In Vietnam Law - 1196 Words

The events currently unfolding in the prescribed scenario create a picture of tension, uncertainty, and high-stakes. Within this construct, however, one must formulate assumptions regarding the fictitious environment before continuing the conversation. First is that the international community recognizes the Chinese-Vietnamese maritime boundary, as described, as legitimate. Accordingly, the second assumption is that the natural gas rig in question exists within the Vietnamese side of the maritime boundary. This assumption is critical, because if the rig is within the Chinese side of the boundary, then China would maintain sovereignty over those people and things within that internationally recognized space. Therefore, acting, if the rig†¦show more content†¦These actions would begin with non-lethal measures such as announcing my intentions over the radio and maneuvering into the contested area, to ultimately employing deadly force. Fundamental to this decision is the require ment, according to virtue, to either, promote welfare or reduce suffering,† as a means to, â€Å"guide our actions when ethical conflicts or dilemmas arise.† Virtue theory, therefore, provides a, â€Å"universal standard of good and evil,† within which this scenario occurs. To that end, the PLA Navy’s actions, typified by an unlawful incursion into Vietnamese water and aggression against civilians, are unjust. For the commander of an LCS to be capable of intervention and choose not to act in support of the promotion of welfare or to prevent suffering would not only violate virtue theory, but also proliferate the PLA Navy’s injustice. Dissimilarly, one may present a counterargument in using consequentialism as a point of departure. Within this same scenario, accordingly, consequentialism would argue that the, â€Å"right action should be determined by reference to its consequences and, in particular, to the promotion of human happiness.† To that end, the LCS’s captain may recognize the significant ramifications of a violent interaction between the U.S. and PLA Navies as a potential outcome of the LCS’s intervention. Moreover, a violent clash between the two navies could generate cascading effects, which, if not checked through diplomatic means, couldShow MoreRelatedCorruption in Vietnam1568 Words   |  7 PagesMatthew Barnett Corruption in Vietnam International Marketing December 31, 2015 1. List all the different types of bribes, payments, or favors represented in this case under (a) FCPA, (b) Criminal Law of PRC, and (c) Law against Unfair Competition of the PRC. Why is each either legal or illegal? In this case we learn of different types of payments and bribes they use to go around the law. One type of bribe is a cash payment which is illegal. A cash payment is funding something byRead MoreNike Corporation Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagespresence. Identify and research a cultural issue that affects this organizations interactions outside the United States. Define the issue and provide an overview of how it became an issue in the organization. Prepare an analysis of the ethical and social responsibility issues your organization must deal with as a result of being global. Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper summarizing the results of the analysis. Include the following: Identify ethical perspectives in the global organization. Read MoreNike: the Sweatshop Debate Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate MGT/448 May 31, 2010 Instructor: Adrianne Ford Nike: The Sweatshop Debate The purpose and intent of this paper is to describe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that face the Nike Corporation in their global business ventures. This paper will also touch on the roles of the host government and countries where Nike manufactures their products and the author will summarize the strategic and operational challenges that Nike managers face in globalization ofRead MoreNike Ethics and Human Violations1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthis because of the law and wage demands of the United States making overseas operations very appealing. Employment laws are scarce and labor is cheap in most third world countries and can be easily become targeted by giant corporations such as Nike. In the beginning, Nike probably selected countries like Indonesia and Vietnam because of the vast poverty level and wage demand given the demographics. I highly doubt Nike moved into Indonesia and Vietnam thinking that their ethical demeanor was aboutRead MoreMorality And Ethical Connotations Of War1578 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Humans have discussed and argued about the morality and ethical connotations of war, and the means in which we conduct our wars, for thousands of years. Every major civilization in our world has an evolved tradition on what is and is not acceptable on the battlefields in which we meet. These traditions and views continue to change based on a reflection on similar concerns. These concerns are the questions to which we seek answers to that help shape who we are as individuals and countriesRead MoreUnethical Business Practice: Nike1499 Words   |  6 Pages The role of the government also plays a major role in these challenges that are faced by Nike. As we know that government laws and regulations differ from country to country and this makes manufacturing of products very difficult challenge for the international companies like Nike. The host governments have laws concerns against consumer protection, information and labeling, employment, wages and salaries and safety of the workers who work in those firms. The international organizations must keepRead MoreEthics of the Textile Industry1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe textile industry faces many ethical issues; unfortunately the outworking industry is a growing problem in the fashion world which often goes unheard of. While outworkers are facing poverty, Australian teenage fashion consumers are oblivious to this extreme ethical issue. Young people should be addressing the outworking industry in Australia in an attempt to improve the current and future economical and ethical situations. T his essay will investigate the working conditions of outworkers, the amountRead MoreAnalyzing Fdi Vietnam : Manufacturing Industry Essay2213 Words   |  9 Pages Massey University Analyzing FDI in Vietnam: Manufacturing Industry Paper name: Topics in International Business Student name: Long Jiao Student ID: 15002166 Analyzing FDI in Vietnam: Manufacturing Industry Globalization provides many opportunities for international companies to expand their business towards all over the world. As a result, the clothing retail industry in New Zealand gain opportunities not only to trade internationally but also to cut down manufacturing cost of investingRead MoreAffirmative Action and the Disabled: Should Disabled Veterans Receive Preferential Treatment in Hiring Decisions?1028 Words   |  4 Pagesagencies are not only required to give preferential treatment to disabled veterans, but also cultivate programs that promote the maximum employment and job advancement opportunities for disabled veterans as well as certain veterans of the Vietnam era and of the post-Vietnam era who are qualified for such employment and advancement (Office of Personnel Management, 2012). The result of these programs is that disabled veterans can get preferential treatment over less-qualified candidates when looking forRead More Software Piracy and Copyright Laws: United State s vs Vietnam2829 Words   |  12 PagesSoftware Piracy and Copyright Laws: United States versus Vietnam I. Introduction Software piracy is the unauthorized duplication, distribution or use of computer software. Five main types of software piracy exist: publisher patent and copyright infringement, industrial piracy, corporate piracy, reseller piracy, and home piracy. Software piracy is a large global issue, which has become a more pressing issue due to a number of reasons: software is now easier to distribute on a global scale

The Objectification and Dehumanization of Women in...

Everyday we expose ourselves to thousands of advertisements in a wide variety of environments where ever we go; yet, we fail to realize the influence of the implications being sold to us on these advertisements, particularly about women. Advertisements don’t just sell products; they sell this notion that women are less of humans and more of objects, particularly in the sexual sense. It is important to understand that the advertising worlds’ constant sexual objectification of women has led to a change in sexual pathology in our society, by creating a culture that strives to be the unobtainable image of beauty we see on the cover of magazines. Even more specifically it is important to study the multiple influences that advertisements have†¦show more content†¦In fact, â€Å"from 1997 to 2007, these procedures, overall, rose 457% to almost 12 million per year and an increase of 114% in actual surgeries, such as breast implants and liposuction†(Hodgson), al l as a result of the influence of the advertising environment. Yet despite these statistics, many people feel exempt from the influence of advertising, this is because â€Å"only 8% of an ad’s message is received by the conscious mind, the rest is worked and reworked deep within the recesses of the brain†(Kilbourne). This working and reworking of the ad’s subliminal message of the brain is exponentially increased by the amount of ad’s the average American is exposed to every day. On average, Americans are exposed to over three thousand advertisements per day and will have been spent two years of their lives watching advertisements on the Internet and television by the time they die. This two hundred and fifty billion dollar per year industry that we call advertising profits from the appeasement of its consumers but at the cost of the consumers mental state. The cost of this environment, however, goes much further than just the environment itself, and exte nds rather into the direct objectification and dehumanization of women. While often times we see this thin cut, impossibly perfect portrayal of a woman on the cover of aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Borgata Hotel Casino And Spa864 Words   |  4 PagesUpon a quick glance, the advertisement published in 2015 by Borgata Hotel Casino and Spa appears to be abundant in color, joyful and fairytale-like; at least when I first saw it a year ago. However, after reading about the different variations of objectification in advertisements I no longer see the ad as an innocent take on fairytales. Advertisements are meant to be geared to a public, or a specific public, in order to sell a product. Still, some ads showcase women as the product or at least a wayRead MoreHorrific Treatment Women In The Middle East. Spring 2017.1718 Words   |  7 Pages Horrific Treatment Women in the Middle East Spring 2017 Sociology 102 Gerardo Matamoros Have you ever felt discriminated against for no reason? At some point in our lives we will encounter people that will discriminate us for irrelevant aspects. Plenty of people tend to discriminate against others when they feel threatened because of the persons’ intellect, or other factors that may make the person look inferior. Unfortunately, discrimination comes in differentRead MoreSexist Language And Its Effects On Women Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesDehumanizing women has become such a global problem it almost seems like it s the new norm. Now and throughout history, derogatory language has played a major role in the longstanding victimization of women. Women are often looked at like some type of property, with having no emotion or feeling. This act can lead women to being sexually assaulted, humiliated by ads and shamed through language. In many ways women are looked at as less than humans. So what are women? Are they human or are they lessRead MoreTaking a Look at Mag azine Advertisements505 Words   |  2 PagesCompanies have been using advertisements in magazines as means of marketing for many decades now. While the purpose for ads, which is to get the consumer to buy their products, is seemingly obvious. Most of the messages that ads are sending are being received to the viewer’s subconscious mind. As Jean Kilbourne touches upon in her documentary Killing Us Softly 4, ads not only tell us what we need to buy, they tell us who we are (Killbourne, 2010). The specific ad I will be analyzing is an ad thatRead MoreGender Roles Throughout The World1944 Words   |  8 PagesWomen are often subject to gender roles throughout the world, even in countries that are aggressively striving for gender equality. These misogynistic views have been embedded in cultural values for centuries now, with the majority of societies worldwide being dominated by a patriarchal set of ideals. Eisend’s (2010) â€Å"A Meta-analysis of Gender Roles in Advertising† provides a meta-analysis built off of 64 studies analyzing data collected from past advertisements, and compares them to presentRead MoreViolent Media Affect Male Perception Of Female Value Leading Higher Levels Of Sexual Violence1753 Words   |  8 Pagesavailability for sex. Women are being sexually exposed more so then men. In a recent study of Rolling Stone Magazine covers over time it found that 17 percent of men were sexualized (an increase of 55 percent from the ‘60s), and 83 percent of women were sexualized (an increase of 89 percent) (Donovan, â€Å"Study Finds Marked Rise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Since we hit the 2000s there are 10 times more hyper sexualized images of females than males, and 11 times more non-sexualized images of males than females. Women in the mediaRead MoreMass Media Effects on Women1721 Words   |  7 Pages28, Nov, 2012 Mass media Effects on women Advertisement put adverse impact on women’s these could be internal or external. Internally when women watch ideal or thin images of models in advertisement then they feel very unattractive compare to the models in commercials. They feel lower self-esteem and self-concept in them and it generates anxiety or depression in women. According to article† negative body image is associated with poor self-esteem, anxietyRead MoreThe Self Objectification Theory Of Women4667 Words   |  19 PagesSelf-objectification Theory Objectification occurs when a person’s body is evaluated as a separate entity with a blatant disregard to the human who occupies it. When objectification occurs it dehumanizes the individual and turns them into an object that is to be used for someone else’s pleasure. Women in westernized cultures are particularly subject to this type of treatment and the detrimental effects it can cause (Harper Tiggemann, 2008). Often as a result, objectification is turned inwardRead MoreEssay about Women and Advertising2280 Words   |  10 Pagesbetterment with the purchase of a certain product. They are breeding grounds for stereotypes; most, if not all, are negative. They provide impossible body images for women to strive towards, and sadly, many women do. The repercussions of these images and stereotypes are quite serious. The female body image is distorted, and many women and girls, in effort to reach the distorted image, develop serious eating disorders. The perpetuation of sex in ads creates a casual attitude towards sex. Sex is usedRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women3211 Words   |  13 Pagessocial constructs that determine how men and women are viewed, categorized, and stereotyped. In theory, gender roles seem benign: they are, after all, simply relics of cultural tradition; in practice however, they have proved malignant, and are the root of many obstacles women and men face in the United States today, confining individuals through archaic, sexist assumptions and stereotypes. At the heart of this stereotyping is the idea that true women are sensitive, nurturing, and submissive to the

Personal Statement Psychology And Sociology - 1902 Words

As a junior in high school, I have recently become interested in psychology. While studying psychology/sociology this previous year, I have become drawn to the topic of human potential. After gathering what I have learned, it turns out most people want to live their life to the fullest by becoming all they can be. To reach this fulfillment of a higher/better self is known as self-actualization. A major problem for many people today is reaching their full potential, although the potential already lies within them. Everyone has the power to succeed and to become self-actualized. All it takes is to become an optimistic, realistic, and problem centered individual. So what is stealing people’s happiness and the ability to reach their full potential? The answer is fear. Due to doubts, fears, and temptations people are holding back from all they can be. As a result, many people are not reaching this achievement of a greater life. Abraham Maslow stated, â€Å"Most people remain unawa re of the nature, variety and extent of what lies within† (Young, â€Å"What is Self-actualization?†). This is a common obstacle among people today, yet there is a solution. It will take many processes and life changes to become a self-actualizing individual, but I believe that people, including myself are capable of achieving this gratification. Just like Zig Ziglar affirmed, â€Å"Man was designed for accomplishment, engineered for success, and endowed with the seeds of greatness† (Ziglar 4). In the followingShow MoreRelatedBusiness Failure Ldr/531985 Words   |  4 Pagesorganizational behavior are built on are psychology, social psychology, sociology and anthropology. According to Robbins and Judge (2009) , psychology seeks to explain changes in behavior in humans for example, impacts on learning, emotions, leadership, and decision making principles in an organization. Social psychology examines people’s influences on each other, attitudes, commun ication patterns, building trust, group behavior, power and conflict. Sociology focuses on the behavior of groups withinRead MorePersonal Statement : Social Work741 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Statement I decided to apply to the social work master because I have encountered a lot of different experiences, problems, and achievements over the past four years. Similarly, I have always had a deep desire for helping others in a caring and supportive way. I faced many obstacles through my adolescent years such as: having an eating disorder, self-harm, and depression. After going through therapy, I realized that I wanted to help young people to overcome problems and to be able to helpRead MoreImportant Sociological Concepts1078 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Title Page What is an Organization? How I Intend to Broaden My Accountants Perspective Through Sociology Thesis Statement Even though a well-informed person might question why the study of sociology is related to my chosen field as an accountant I know how valuable the study of sociology is with regards to the attention to detail and person-to-person human interactions I am committed to in my field. There are important links between working with financial data and interacting as a teamRead MoreA Career in Medical Psychology1223 Words   |  5 Pages Psychology is usually a really enormous subject matter. They are a lot of numerous career fields of therapy. Therapy being a scholarly analyze with the brain as well as actions goes towards Historic Greeks. There is also proof of subconscious believed within ancient Egypt. Psychology seemed to be the branch of philosophy until the 1870s, whenever the idea created just as one separate medical discipline. Psychology edges with a few other career fields as well as physiologyRead MoreSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 Pagespresent in the field of sociology for several decades, and after the death of Mead, other sociologists took on the theory in their own works, studies, and theories. This theory is one of my favorites for a few reasons, one of which is because I believe I have seen it at work in my own life and in the interactions of others in their lives. I also agree with the validity of this theory because I feel that it coincides with other theories in other fields, such as psychology. There are psychologistsRead MoreAugust Comte- Zeitgeist2118 Words   |  9 PagesNaturalistic Positions Claudette Spear Dr. Joan Hageman Northcentral University Abstract This paper will focus on Auguste Comte, the founder of Sociology and how he uses both views of both Personalistic and Naturalistic positions in order to justify his findings. Also it will explain how his personal feelings about numerous subjects greatly influenced his studies and works in which things were manipulated to support his findings. Finally it gives an opinion as to the writersRead MoreThe Ever-Changing Deviant Society Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesas deviance and are skeptical about it even having a significant function to society and the study of society, respectively sociology. â€Å"†¦[D]iscussions†¦debate on whether or not a particular area of inquiry is no longer functional or, in this particular case of the sociology of deviance, is dead† (Calhoun Conyers,2006). In Calhoun and Conyers’ (2006) article, A Sociology of Deviance in the New Millennium, they discussed the decline of deviant behavior as a result of more open-minded perspectivesRead MoreMy Career Goals Of Becoming An Applied Social Psychologist982 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement A few years ago, my future and my goals were clear: I would graduate in 2017 with a Bachelor’s of Science in Psychology and pursue a career in therapeutic counseling. However, my plans were altered after I was exposed to the research side of psychology. I was drawn in by the psychological insight shed on tragedies like the holocaust, why no witnesses helped Kitty Genovese after she had been stabbed, how a rape victim can misremember his or her assailant, and possible solutionsRead MoreFree Essay Is a Scam1711 Words   |  7 Pages cognitive, and behavioral components. This levels of explanation view also examines cultural, biological, and interpersonal views. List three strengths that you see with this approach. Romantic love, can be viewed from different fields (psychology, sociology, theology), but still can cause connections to be made. To say religion and science complement each other is saying using different types of analysis can bring these together. Recognizing the complementary relationships of various levels liberatesRead MoreWilliam Damon s The Death Of Honesty1102 Words   |  5 Pageseducators, parents or anyone with an interest in sociology, specifically in the United States. A rhetorical analysis recognizes the appeals of ethos and pathos as successful tools in creating a connection with the readers, yet it exposes flaws in the author’s appeal of logic. The lack of developed logic does not support his thesis that â€Å"sustained civilization† is in lethal danger as a result of dishonesty alone. The appeal of ethos is based on personal and academic achievement. As a senior fellow and

Research Transportation Business Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Issues That Are Being Faced By Bike Riding Clubs Like Ulysses Club In Australia? How Can The Issues Faced By Ulysses Club Be Minimized For It To Stay Ahead Of The Competition? What Are The Possible Recommendations Through Which New Members Can Be Attracted By Bike Riding Clubs Like Ulysses In Australia? Answers: Introduction Branding is one of the most fruitful strategies for spreading the product or service awareness among the customers. Previously, the brand was defined by recognizing the slogan, name, design, signs or symbols of the company. Moreover, branding was conceptualized as the fruitful techniques that differentiate the products or the services of the companies from their competitors. Currently, the branding process is quite complex due to the emerging competition in the business world (Keller, Dekimpe Geyskens, 2016). It is even necessary to develop the ideas about the different types of the branding strategies that are useful for establishing the brand image. This chapter of the study would concentrate on the brand positioning method for Ulysses Club to make the customers aware of the usefulness recreational factors for the middle age people. The club offers the motorcycle ride to the people belong to the age group of 40. The usefulness of the recreational activities for the middle age peop le will be specified in this study. The chapter would also provide the rationale for discussing this research subject. The further research would include the relevant secondary information and the justified methodologies. Background The Ulysses Club is situated in both Australia and New Zealand, formed for the motorcyclists over and above the age of forty. This club cropped up in Australia in December 1983, in response to a letter from the present day redundant magazine of Bike Australia editor, Peter Thoeming (Morandin, Bagozzi Bergami, 2013). The name Ulysses Club was the proposal of Rob Hall, while Pat Lynch, Robs then girlfriend, initiated the motto of the club, Grow Old Disgracefully. Peter Thoeming sketched the old man logo that is being still used as the emblem of the club. The club has made use of the original hand-sketched form of the logo that was made by Peter. The clubs introductory meeting was apprehended in Sydney on December 6th, 1983, when five people who were present in the meeting permitted of the draft constitution and the Ulysses Club was duly created. This meeting gave birth to a draft constitution along with the formation of the three primary purposes of the club: In providing ways where the old motorcyclists can get along together for camaraderie and shared support. In showing through example that motor cycling can be pleasurable and a practical movement for the riders of all ages. In drawing attention of the private and public institutions to the requirements and opinions of the older riders. These unique purposes are being entrenched in the constitution of the club and have till date remained unaffected. This motor cycling club has been the biggest organization of its kind having 138 branches within Australia and existing globally in places like Italy, Germany, Austria, Vietnam and Norway. Furthermore, the partner of the member, who has conquered the age of forty, may also be divulged as a club member on prior application. Till a member achieves the 50 age level, he or she is considered to be a junior member of the club, however having full membership rights along with privileges. Research Rationale This research would take into account the issue of declining membership of Ulysses Club in Australia and the reasons on why the club is not being able to attract any new members. The club states it is under no pressure and is in competition with none to increase the members. The club has been able to recognize that a few more of the existing clubs have been able to offer diversified experiences for the riders to select. The closer observation to the current scenario specifies that the issues are emerging due to the insignificant brand promotions. The service users requires having the adequate knowledge about the brand and the functionalities of the services provided by the club. The recreational rides for the middle age people have numerous advantages. However, if the specifications are not clear the service users, they tend to avoid such service. The best way of communicating is to put together a newsletter that would be letting the people know when the organization is planning its next rides, events and other meetings. The website of the bike clubs needs to be maintained in the best possible way as a mean of communicating with others. According to Oeppen Jamal (2014), the success of the motorcycle clubs is primarily based on attitude. In order to take the member in serious manner, especially the one at the top, he should prepare himself with a sneer instead of a smile on his face. It is the attitude and the demeanor that attracts others towards the motorcycle clubs where associating with one particular group might augment the social status. The lack of effective strategy for branding is the major determinants that the club has been facing currently. It is essential for the company to adopt the suitable branding strategy to attract the target customers towards the service or products (Biedenbach, 2017). It is also necessary to pay attention towards the major issues that are creating the negative impacts on sales ratio. Accordingly, the relevant strategy would be selected. The following issues are the probable determinants for the decreasing level in sales. A larger group of members of the club has in recent times expressed their concerns at the serious turn down in the membership of club over a period of three years. The recent official figures from the club management states that the use of the cycle has been falling as the percentage of the adults who ride at least once a month fell to 15 per cent the previous year. The decline of quite a larger section of the people was marked in Australia and New Zealand. The bike riding clubs or organizations have been blaming the government for failing to offer ample funding for the provision for bike riding transportation along with fears of safety on the part of would-be bikers. The membership of the club did manage to peak up in 2010, figures stating that 28,000 members were at the helm, though it declined in the next few years with figures suggesting the total under present circumstances is at 16,000 (Biezen, Poguntke, (2014). With due regards to the Ulysses club, the decline in the membership has been for reasons like the termination of the club Newsletter which has been one of the popular journal, predominantly enjoyed by many who have been the non-riding members. From the period from 2010 to 2015, the club did manage to generate fifty newsletters. However, with few of the important members leaving the club scene, only five newsletters have been produced in the last two years. Moreover, it was decided at the AGM that the generation of the Newsletter is not worth the exertion. Many of the club members on the sudden stop of the newsletters, which was once deemed popular, have ridiculed this fact. As suggested by some of the top members, one does not require articles, just the oddments and the one-off clipart that can easily be cut and pasted from the website of the club. In every three months time, a run list is being shaped and propelled through posts to all the members of the club who are not having the broadband facilities. The only extra effort that is being required was in placing a piece of paper into the envelopes of the recipients. It took the club officials a maximum time of two hours in producing and posting the club newsletter to their members with the list of the run. At the time when the club was producing so many of the newsletters during the period of 2012-2013, the club comprised of 85 members who did not have the email amenities. It is of no coincidence that following the annihilation of the Newsletter, in the present scenario there is only less than half the figure of club members without facilities of email. Another potential factor that might have resulted in the decline of the club membership is the decision in removing AUD $6 membership for the non-riders that was popular among many of the non-riding members (Berry Wilcox, 2015). This is yet another of those reasons for those members who no longer are capable in riding with the club, not renewing their association with the club. Research Aim: The aim of the research is to establish the effective brand image strategies to develop the proper brand image of motorcycle rides of Ulysses club. The study also attempts to understand the usefulness of the recreational activities for the middle aged people. Required Information: The information that is being required for addressing the issues that Ulysses Club is facing would require extensive analysis of both the primary and the secondary sources. The primary sources would be dealing with the members of the club through one-on-one interviews and questionnaires containing questions that would be based on the issues and challenges the club is facing. The secondary source of information would be gathered through club websites and other related articles over the database. The chapter discusses the background of the research issues that have the clear impact on the business sustainability. The entire research will be conducted by concentrating on the formulated research objectives and questions. The identification of the research problem would be analyzed further by collecting the literature-based information in the next chapter. The further section would discuss the conceptual ideas and theoretical background of the subject matter Literature Review The literature study provides the analysis of the theoretical background related to the subject matter. The study is focusing on the development of the brand image of motorcycle rides services offered by Ulysses Club for the people belong to the age group of 40. The current situation reflects that the company has been facing the considerable declines in the sales parameter due to the ineffective branding. The branding process suggests the development of the recognizable brand image that can attract more customers and increase the sale ratio Leekha (Chhabra Sharma, 2014). The literature study would provide the conceptual analysis of the branding process. The theoretical background would specify the relevant branding strategies to develop the image of the product or services. In this section of the study, the theoretical evaluation related to the branding process would be discussed. Problem Background According to Biezen, Poguntke, (2014), one of the major challenges that are being encountered by this motorcycle clubs is the age of the members. In most of the motorcycle clubs, the average ages of the members has been fifty, and under certain circumstances even sixty. In the coming twenty years, this clubs would not be having a lot of the members. As per Hung, et al., (2017), the largest factor of declining of motorcycle membership has been related to the demographic factor. In this research, a survey was conducted where it was found that the average age fifteen months ago was stated to be sixty-seven, with over 25 per cent of that population being over the age of seventy-five. As per Everett, (2015), even though the hobbyists pass on, their bikes linger. On previous occasions, the successive owners have joined the club, substituting the previous owner of the bike. However, regrettably this tradition is getting lost somewhere. One of the members of a motorcycle riding club stated that previously the turnover used to be same for the membership, with some of the new members joining in at the same time or at the augmented rate. However, in the present scenario, the rates of new members have gone down or are not increasing the way it used to at one time. According to Berry, (2015), the clubs are keen in finding the source of such issues and understand the obstacle that lies ahead, taking important steps in combating the membership issue that is on the decline. This research did take into account the method of increasing the membership through the benefit of modern technology and the ways of delivering information in cost-effective ways. As per Launay Dunbar, (2015), the Southern Cross Association has been offering technical resources on the website of its that has been saving their members quite a few dollars, adding the much required value to the membership due prices. The workshop manuals generally run upto 1000 pages and for obvious reasons it is costly in printing and mailing of the same, so the club shifted the whole process online where the members can download it for free. The internet has been able to bring in the diversion into the households of the potential members; many such clubs have been seeing this as the value of bringing the hobby off the computer monitor and onto the streets. According to Fishman, Washington Haworth, (2014), several biker association have taken up the initiative in having a youth program. One of the things that they have been trying to perform is working with the trade schools for introducing antique bikes and relevant information about them into the prospectus. According to Fishman et al., (2015), attracting new members in the club has become one of the broader initiatives. In one of the surveys conducted within this research, members are of the opinion that when they joined these motorcycle clubs around forty years ago, it was much bunged society. However, in the present scenario, a particular motorcycle club is inviting the members of the other bike clubs to come in, visit them and have an experience. As per Hardiman Burgin, (2013), several of the motorcycle clubs have been parking their Ducati sand Ninjas in the parking lot for the people to see and have a discussion with the owners. According to Bachand-Marleau, Lee El-Geneidy, (2012), the bottom line for such an issue and to better the health of the club is to acclimatize with the needs of the members, through either socializing at the shows and events and on tours, for attracting new members to the club. As per Ricci, (2015), social media has been another reason for which the motorc ycle clubs operations are being jeopardized. With the taking over of the social media, people are just going about posting, I am riding tomorrow, want to go? This fact has taken away the requirement and significance of the pre-planned group rides. People are not showing up for the rides they used to on previous occasions. As per McKee, (2015), taking up the role of the leaders in this motorcycle clubs are becoming a hazardous jobs and not much members are showing interest is such factors. According to Morandin, Bagozzi Bergami, (2013), the word-of-mouth is not the best way of communicating the news of the club to its members and to the candidates who are interested. Therefore the best way of communicating is to put together a newsletter that would be letting the people know when the organization is planning its next rides, events and other meetings. The website of the bike clubs needs to be maintained in the best possible way as a mean of communicating with others. According to Andrews and Shimp (2017), the success of the motorcycle clubs is primarily based on attitude. In order to take the member in serious manner, especially the one at the top, he should prepare himself with a sneer instead of a smile on his face. It is the attitude and the demeanor that attracts others towards the motorcycle clubs where associating with one particular group might augment the social status. Concept of Branding Branding is the integral part of the marketing that helps in enhancing profitability parameter of the company. The effective branding process is the major marketing or selling tool that creates the total product personality. According to Chovanov, Korshunov and Bab?anov (2017), branding is the conceptual idea that helps in enhancing the service or product image for making it readily recollected by the customers. Branding creates the significant impact on the target customers and determines the outlining guidelines to be followed. It is necessary to follow some of the constant practices to create a long term branding. While spreading the brand awareness, it is necessary to take some of the concerns into consideration. These concerns are described further: The branding logos should be simple to remember for the customers. People tend to identify the simple logos that can be easily recognized and eliminate the complex ideas. The maintenance of the individuality during the branding process is essential for each brand. The branding process should consider the individuality that would be helpful enough in differentiate from the other brands. Keller (2016) implied that the individualistic brand makes the considerable marks on the psyche of the target customers. It even influences the purchasing decisions of the customers. Due to such concerns, many of the MNCs undertake serious action in case of the trademark violations. The safe branding creates the significant impacts on the consumer behaviour. In case of catering the international audience, it is essential to create the safe brand image before selling any product. With the help of the safe branding process, the customers become well aware of the product or service specifications (Aaker Biel, 2013). In addition to this, it is also necessary to be cautious about the cultural and regional sensibilities while developing the effective branding process. The customer experience depends on the significant branding process in which the company could decide the future moves (Dergipark.gov.tr. 2017). In usual cases, it is noted that the brand image is the major focus that the consumers are concerned about while making any purchase of the product or service. The brand perception influences the purchasing decision making process. The marketing and advertisement process are the most preferable tools to create the brand perceptions. The theoretical ideas obtained from the branding process signify several necessary components. The further study would develop the ideas about the different components associated with the branding process. Major Components of Branding The brand perception clearly influences the minds of the purchasers. The branding process thus depends on some of the specific components that are needed to be taken into consideration. These components are discussed further: Brand Identity In the business world of competition, the brands vary the value and power they command. Some of the specific brands have the strong level of awareness in terms of maintaining the appreciable recognitions. On the contrary, many of the brands are not much known to people due to the insignificant focus. O'guinn et al., (2014) defined that brand identity is conceptualized as the unique set of brand association that are aspired to become one of the necessary components of brand strategies. The effective brand identity depends on the authentic quality that includes the real value and sustainable characteristics for the long run (Knoji.com, 2017). It is thus considered as the insiders concept of reflecting the decisions made by the management to define the particular brand. Brand Image The brand identity provides the specifications about the brand by including the inherent features. Moreover, it represents the differentiating values for participating in the competitive business scenario. The brand image, on the other hand, represents the perspective values of the customers related to the brand specifications (Huang Sarigll, 2014). The brand image determines the total sum count of the impressions created for a particular brand on the minds of the consumers. Brand image specifies the conceptual ideas in which the consumers not only determines the product specification, they recognizes the bundle of associations, such as sophistications, wealth, and power (File.scirp.org. 2017). The brand communication can influence the brand image through ensuring the effective packaging, promotions, advertising, customer services, and word of mouth. The brand image leads the brand value either upwards or downwards. The branding process suggests the development of the recognizable b rand image that can attract more customers and increase the sale ratio. While structuring the brand image, some of the visual and verbal dimensions are added to create a significant impact on consumers minds (Luo, Raithel Wiles, 2013). Accordingly, the customers describe their perception by understanding the specifications and the benefits availed from the brand. The quick response of the customers while asked about any specific brand determines whether the brand image has the positive or negative outcomes. Brand Positioning Brand is generally a part of the value propositions and brand identity. This brand identity is necessarily needed to be communicated to the target customer. The establishment of the customer base helps in adjusting the position and participating in the competitive landscape. It is essential for a brand manager to improve the communicational aspects to create the efficient execution strategy. The brand positioning statement is the basic beginner of the execution strategy. This statement generally refers to the exact place, which is occupied by the brand in terms of creating impact on customers minds. For instance, brand market determines the unique value of the brand. However, Andrews and Shimp. (2017) explained that it is necessary to select the target customers at the initial stage before understanding or creating the unique brand position. The observation of the advantages and benefits of the customers would be much helpful in structuring the brand strategy and creating the secure and unique position. The exclusive brand service, brand image, warrantee, and guarantee would be preferable in terms of developing the effective and unique delivery and brand packaging. While developing the brand position, it is essential to pay the focus on the following aspects. Expectations of the consumers is necessary to be determines to understand the value of the brand. The brand positioning would be depending on the needs and demands of the customers (Malik et al., 2013). It is necessary to observe whether the customers are happy with the brand specifications. The price of the product also depends on the brand image. The highly promoted brands have the significant influence on consumers minds. The comparison of the product prices among the competitors is signified through the branding process. The competitive factor is also a significant part of branding that indicates the benefits and features of the products that are needed to be offered to the target consumers. The analysis of the consumers perception is also necessary for ensuring the value of the products. Establishment of the brand image helps in understanding the needs of the customers regarding any specific brand value (Keller et al., 2017). The brand positioning is even concentrating on the unique values of the product or services. These specific characteristics are the major considerations to be noticed while structuring the brand position in an efficient way. The brand positioning would be more specific if it satisfies the needs of the target consumers. Brand Equity According to Oeppen and Jamal (2014), brand equity is another integral part of the marketing that is used widely and much necessarily. However, it is notable that in last three decades, brand equity did not get any popularity for establishing the brand image in a specific way. Several marketing researchers identified that the concept is one of the most valuable assets that can be used for increasing the sales and benefits. It is notable that the brands usually gain the equity due to the high awareness, high reputation, and the perceived quality of the products or services (Biedenbach, 2017). The proper access to the distribution channel is also quite effective in such case. Brand equity is the intangible asset, which is completely based on the consumers associations. The conceptual ideas of brand equity are associated with three major perspectives that are as follows: One of the most widely used measures of the brand equity is the premium price of the product that signifies the specific brand. For instance, if any customer were willing to pay a huge price for any product, it would be considered as the brand value of the premium product. However, it is necessary to pay attention towards the marketing expenses for determining the measurement of the brand equity in a specific way The highly recognized and demanding brand can use the platform for launching any new product. The company can introduce a new product under a specific platform, which is already known to the customers. The reputed brand positioning would be much helpful in drawing the attention of the customers (Leekha Chhabra Sharma, 2014). The most beneficial aspect of the brand extension is it reduces the advertising expenditures and the probable risks associated with the launch of the new products. The company can adjust the costs of the expenditure accordingly and make profits. It is important to state that brand extension is much difficult to quantify if it is compared to the financial measurement of the brand equity. Consumer related parameter The strengthened brand positioning helps in influencing the consumers attitude towards the products related to the brand specifications. The consumer attitude is developed if the products create the positive impact on customers experiences. It is notable that the trial samples signify more effectiveness that the advertisements costs invested during the launch of the new products (Dergipark.gov.tr. 2017). The higher brand loyalty depends on the higher measurement of the consumer association. Effective brand equity reduces the promotional expenses and increases the market share. According to Chovanov, Korshunov and Bab?anov (2017), the strengthened brand loyalty helps in allowing the charges associated with the premium pricing. It also facilitates the general income stream that would be useful enough in managing the operational aspects. The development of the efficient brand equity would ensure the establishment of the strengthened brand image and the reputed positioning of the company . Factors influencing the customer buying behaviour It is notable that many of the uncontrollable factors have the significant impact on the consumer behaviour. Firstly, the cultural difference is the considerable factor that creates impact on the consumers minds in a significant way. While structuring the brand position, it is necessary to develop the ideas about the cultural demands that will be effective enough in attracting the customers towards the products of their choice (Keller, 2016). The consumer behaviour model is much significant in determining the perspective values of the customers while making any purchase of products or service. The Consumer Behaviour Model is discussed further. Consumer Behaviour Model Various types of models are developed to judge the behaviour of the consumers while purchasing the products or services of any particular brand. The models are discussed further: The economic model of consumer behaviour determines the rational perspectives based on the utility concept of the products. It is necessary for the customers to determine the needs at the first place before making any purchase (Aaker Biel, 2013). The customers always have the power to purchase any specific product or service. It is necessary to ensure that the product or service is useful to the customers. Accordingly, the brand would create the necessary impact on their buying decision. The rational decision of the customers is thus needed to be taken into considerations. The learning model of consumer behaviour is signifying the manipulative perspective of the customers. Few of the benefits or product specifications manipulate the customers to make a purchase. In such cases, it is essential to identify the priority of the consumers at the first place (O'guinn et al., 2014). Accordingly, the products or services would be presented to manipulate the consumers. The model is also specifying the ability of forgetting, learning, and discriminating the ability of the consumers. The psychoanalytical model of consumer behaviour specifies the influence of the complex state of mind while making any purchase of the product (Huan Sarigll, 2014). The customers usually have the sense of longings before they make any decision regarding the product or service purchases. Hence, the complex mindset may affect the decision-making behaviour of the consumers. The sociological model of consumer behaviour determines the influence of the society. In such cases, the purchasing decision does not depend on the utility, rather on the desires to follow, emulate or fit in the current environment (Luo, Raithel Wiles, 2013). The societal compulsion has the significant impact on the consumers purchasing decision-making process. The Nicosia Model judges the point of view of a man in terms of making any purchase of the desired products or services. The consumers gather adequate information regarding the product or services as well as the brand (Andrews Shimp, 2017). The specifications recognize the motives, attitudes, and needs of the customers to understand the desired state. It is a motivational method to instigate the experience of the customers. Impact of brand promotion of consumer behavior: Marketing and the promotion is depended on each other and internally connected. In fact, the promotion is one of the major variables in marketing. The marketing of the product is influenced majorly by the promotion. The promotion can be of the product, service or the brand. All the promotion determines the sales and customers behaviors for the company (Malik et al., 2013). However, unlike the product of service promotion, the brand promotion creates a permanent impact on the mind of the people of the company, whereas, the product or service promotion only create specific influence on the customers (Luo, Raithel Wiles, 2013). In short, the product of service promotion make people aware of the uniqueness of the product or the service provided by the company, but the brand promotion of the company makes greater impact on the consumers of the company itself (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Most of the major and global company focuses on the brand promotion more than on the individual product or service promotion. Brand is the name of the company by which the product or the service will be recognized by the customers. Promoting the brand not only makes the consumer aware of the product or the service of the company but also strengthen the company image in the consumers as well as in the competitors company (Malik et al., 2013). In addition, the brand promotion creates a permanent position of the company both in the local and global market. Objectives of Brand Promotion: Brand promotion is one of the components of the marketing mix that aims to influence the customers purchasing behaviors (O'guinn et al., 2014). The prime objectives of the brand promotion apart from making strong image are to promote information about the products, service as well as the brand, differentiate the brand from other existing brand, increase the demand of product or the service, build brand equity in order to add values and power to the product or the service and stabilize the sales in the business (What is Brand Promotion, 2017). Consumer behavior and Brand Image: The brand image and the brand promotion has been one of the extensive studies of since 20th century as it is important in building the brand equity (Aaker Biel, 2013). The companies must have clear and excellent knowledge of the consumer behavior and accordingly plan effective brand promotion strategies (Keller, Dekimpe Geyskens, 2016). The consumer behavior is one of the major variables that determine the strengthening of the brand image through brand promotion. Hence, the brand promotion to certain extent is based on the consumers behaviors. The consumers behaviors on the brand promotion and consequently on the brand image is divided in two section, one is indicated by the consumers who is aware of the brand and the others who is not familiar with the brand (Huang Sarigll, 2014). The promotion of the brand can strengthen the brand image and of the company on the consumer who have knowledge of the brand and thus can create brand loyalty in the customers. In other hand, the brand promotion can create a mark of recognition in the consumers who are new to the brand (Luo, Raithel Wiles, 2013). Considering this particular fact about the consumers knowledge about the brand the concept of customer-based equity can b mentioned (Keller, 2016). According to the concept, the brand image and the brand awareness are both basis and the sources of the brand equity. Countering this concept the brand equity emerges from the confidence of the customer on the brand. The stronger the brand image is on the consumers, the more they are willing to pay for the products or the service provided by the company (Malik et al., 2013). Hence, the brand promotion must consider these facts the performance of the brand-designed function. The social image association with the purchase of the brand, recognition and the sentimental attachment of the consumers with the brand, balance between the values of the brand and the functionalities of the same and lastly the trust of the consumers on the brand (file.scirp.org., 2017). It is evident that the behaviors of the consumers to some extent dominate the brand image, and accordingly the purchasing behavior of the customers is dominated by the effective promotion of the brand. This is because most of the consumers choose their purchasing depending on the brand and not on the product. The trust and confidence on the bran d drives the customers to purchase the service or products from certain brands. Impact of the Brand Promotion: It is evident from the above discussion that the brand image is major variables that indicates the necessity of the brand promotion. The trust and confidence on the brand of the consumers can only be determined by effective brand promotion. The brand promotion is thus an important tool to create and strengthen the brand in the existing as well as in the current new customers of the company (Oeppen Jamal, 2014). The companies must ensure an effective and wider brand position in order to attract more new customers for their products or service. In addition, to the wider aspect the brand promotion is one of the key determinates that ensue the long-term success of the company in the competitive market (Andrews Shimp, 2017). In the competitive market of todays era, the perceptions of the consumers are different from one another regarding a specific brand and its product or the service. Moreover, as discussed above the consumer behaviors determines the brand image in the competitive market (Chovanov, Korshunov Bab?anov, 2017). Therefore, the brand promotion must follow effective and unique branding and marketing strategies to ensure the existence of the brand image in the consumers mind. The consumers are moved and driven by an effective brand promotion to purchase the products or service of the company. In addition, the effective and proper brand promotion impacts on the customers choice of brand in a long-term and creates a strong relationship between the customers and the company (dergipark.gov.tr., 2017). Gaps: There have been few gaps within these research studies that have been identified in the research work. Most of the scholars failed to mention the ways the new members would be attracted and the ways technology can be playing a vital role in bettering the overall situation. It is important to understand the way digitalization would be helping in enhancing the situation of these clubs that have been facing the ire of declining membership. The scholars have mainly discussed on the issues but not the solutions that might be followed by this clubs to gain more membership and tackling the issues. This literature review part took into account the issues that have been mentioned in the articles of eminent scholars like losing out on the conventional ways of hobbying, social media playing a role in disrupting the process that used to happen previously, not letting people know through the newsletter what has been planned. Another way has been showcasing the bikes during the meeting and making people interested about the bikes on offer and the motorcycles they can experience if they become the members of a particular club. Research Methodology Research method is the structured and systematic approach to conduct any particular research process (Flick, 2015). The study would concentrate on the brand positioning method for Ulysses Club to make the customers aware of the usefulness recreational factors for the middle age people. The research depends on the mixed method research in which both the secondary and the primary data would be collected to gather the adequate knowledge about the consumers perceptions to avail the motorcycle riding services offered by Ulysses Club. The research methodology is associated with the proper research philosophy, approaches, designs and the data collection process. It is necessary to develop the ideas about the effective data collection process related to the research subject. Research Paradigm Research paradigms concentrate on the collection of the exact data related to the subject matter. The research paradigm is often considered as research philosophy that recognizes the underlying research issues. The research philosophies are categorized into three typologies, such as positivism, realism, and interpretivism (Flick, 2015). The positivism and realism philosophy deals with the extraction of the hidden truth from the sources that have been experienced the scenario in real life. On the other hand, the interpretivism philosophy deals with the human interpretation and manipulative description (Gast Ledford, 2014). The research study requires developing adequate knowledge regarding the consumers perception for riding the bike offered by Ulysses Club. The real life scenario would be much preferable for the study due to which undertaking positivism philosophy would be appropriate. Research Design: A design of the research can be stated as the complete draft of the research work. The design of the research takes in the questions of the research, research issues, identification of the variables, data gathering method and the plan related to breakdown of data. Among the several research issues, this particular paper would take in the experimental study. For the purpose of the explanatory research, the research issues are being monitored taking in the data collected over time. Five of the independent variables are being taken in as reliability, empathy, responsiveness, assurance and tangibility (Flick, 2015). The questionnaire of self-completed nature would be dispersed making use of the feasibility practice of sampling to the members of the Ulysses Club for evaluating the membership decline in the club within Australia. Research Approach: The approach of the research can be mainly divided into three sorts that are deductive, abductive and inductive. In case of deductive approach, the validity of the gathered data tests the validity of the assumption. On certain other occasions, the inductive approach takes in the new theories that would be developed (Panneerselvam, 2014). The abductive approach clarifies some of the other surprising specifics and sequences and with the subject for evaluation of the facts. This would witness the use of the deductive approach. It has cropped up with a research issue for monitoring the declining factor in membership of Ulysses Club and the ways of attracting new members. For doing the research work, the researcher would be performing the study based on drawn conclusions on certain specific facts and coherent base. Therefore, the deductive approach would be the best way of dealing with this topic. Data Collection Process: There are generally two ways of gathering data which the researcher needs to taken in honestly. The survey method is being selected as the primary research principle whereas for the secondary research the data that is generated through other sources has been chosen. A researcher can take into account any sort of methods for the purpose of primary analysis of the data like questionnaire and interviews. The two types of primary data collection would be conducted for the study. The first one is quantitative data collection process, in which the survey would be conducted among a large number of populations (Panneerselvam, 2014). Another one is qualitative data collection process that would include the telephonic interview with the managers of Ulysses Club. Secondary sources take in the relevant journals and articles along with magazines where the researchers present those data with their own perceptions. Data Analysis The collected data is needed to be analyzed in a systematic way. The collected information from the primary research would be analyzed through using the software tools like MS Excel. The responses gathered from the respondents would be presented in the tabular and diagrammatical form to explore the information in an attractive way. The conversation with the managers in the qualitative research process would be recorded for memorizing it. The chapter discloses the use of the relevant methodology to conduct the entire research study. 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Sports Gambling Essay Research Paper Americans are free essay sample

Sports Gambling Essay, Research Paper Americans are familiar with the state s major dependences: narcotics, intoxicant, and baccy. Society has spent infinite 1000000s of dollars warning about these substances, nevertheless another dependence that receives far less attending is sweeping across America. This dependence is holding a major impact on the college campuses across our state. The executive manager of the N.C.A.A. , Cedric W. Demsey, in his 1997 State of the Association reference called chancing the most serious menace confronting intercollegiate sports ( Naughton A52 ) . At the bosom of the gaming job on college campuses is college athleticss chancing. Gambling on college athleticss has two major impacts. First, chancing on athleticss merely like casino gaming is habit-forming. Second, chancing on college athleticss has hurt the unity of college sports. Because chancing on college athleticss is doing negative effects for college pupils, jocks, and athletic games, the U.S. authorities should censor all chancing on college athleticss, and stairss should be taken to diminish the prevalence of illegal and Internet chancing on college campuses. On March 19, 1931, the Nevada province authorities voted to legalise gaming. At this clip no 1 had of all time heard of the term, athleticss book. It would be some forty old ages subsequently before the first athleticss book would open up in Las Vegas. The Union Plaza Hotel in downtown Las Vegas opened the first casino athleticss book in 1975. A athleticss book is a topographic point where a stake can be made on a clean event. Nevada is the lone province where a individual can wager on an single game or featuring event lawfully. A individual can wager on about every professional athletics, along with some collegial athleticss, which chiefly consist of work forces s hoops and football. The athleticss books in Las Vegas each have immense electronic odds boards that tell which squads are playing, the squad that is expected to win, and how much the squad is expected to win by. The squad that is supposed to win is called the favourite, and the squad that is supposed to lose is called the underdog. Now person new to athleticss wagering would state, good I ll merely bet on the favourite and win most of the clip. Unfortunately, nevertheless it is much tougher than this. The one thing that makes chancing on athleticss really hard is a term called the point spread. The underdog squad is given an border or points, and this is by and large referred to as the point spread. Here is an illustration of how the point spread works. Suppose the Kansas City Chiefs are playing the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium, here in Denver. The Broncos have the home-field advantage, plus they are two-time supporting Super Bowl title-holders. Most betters would set their money on the Broncos, right? But what if 10 points were added to the Chiefs concluding mark? Now which squad would bettors take so? The determination becomes more hard. For those who bet on Denver, the Broncos must win by more than ten points. Suppose the concluding mark is Broncos 29, Chiefs 20. With a point spread of 10 points added to the Chiefs side, the concluding betting mark becomes Broncos 29, Chiefs 30. Those who bet on the Chiefs win and those who bet on the Broncos lose. On the other manus, if the Broncos win by more than ten points, say 34-20, betters say that the Broncos covered the spread. If the Broncos win by precisely ten points, neither side win s and all stakes are returned. How much money does a winning better receive? The odds are 11-to-10. That is, a individual must wager $ 11 to win $ 10. The $ 1 difference is called the juice, and this difference is how the casino makes its money. It may look like a little sum, but the higher the sum wagered the higher the juice will be. With these odds, a gambler who bets the same sum on every game has to be right 52.38 per centum of the clip to interrupt even or in other words win 11 out of 21 stakes made. Sports books try to put a point spread that represents the wagering public s sentiment on the likely result of the game, non the bookmakers, contrary to popular belief that the athleticss books set point spreads based merely on which squad is better or worse ( Oorlog 97 ) . This manner the casino doesn T concern which squad wins or loses. The casino may non ever win, but it neer loses because it automatically receives the juice as net income. How are point spreads determined? This is the occupation of the oddsmaker, who wants to pull an equal sum of stakes on each squad in a game. The taking oddsmaker in Las Vegas is Michael Roxy Roxborough ( Orkin 58 ) . He runs a service called Las Vegas Sports Consultants from the 12th floor of the Valley Bank Building merely off the Strip. Roxborough s line goes out by computing machine to his casino athleticss book clients and about 70 major newspapers around the state ( Savage 32 ) . You might inquire why the point spreads are given to 70 major newspapers around the state if you can merely wager on athleticss in Las Vegas? The ground is because illegal athleticss gaming is far bigger than legal athleticss gaming, and many people read the newspaper merely to see the point spread on the games that dark. The legal gaming industry took in $ 2.5 billion in 1996, but illegal bets were estimated to account for more than $ 90 billion ( McGraw 50 ) . Illegal athleticss chancing is non like what you would see in Las Vegas, with the immense odds boards exposing the odds on games. The immense athleticss books in Las Vegas are replaced by persons who are called bookmakers. These bookmakers do reasonably much the same operation as the athleticss books in the casinos, merely at a smaller graduated table and with the hazard of being caught by jurisprudence enforcement officers. The bookmakers take stakes over the phone from their patronage, largely on recognition, and do their money off the juice, merely like the athleticss book in Las Vegas. This is a hazardous concern, nevertheless since there is no manner to do per son pay off his or her stakes. A bookmaker can non name the constabulary and say that person made a stake, and now they re non willing to pay up. With the hazard of non acquiring paid and acquiring busted by the constabulary, some bookmakers have come up with better thoughts of acquiring around the jurisprudence. Some bookmakers that were interrupting the jurisprudence for taking athleticss stakes in the U.S. have now moved overseas. The new moving ridge and the hereafter of athleticss wagering are now overseas. How? Sports wagering on the Internet. Is this legal? It depends. Many states outside the United States allow legalized athleticss chancing. Federal jurisprudence in the United States prohibits people from conveying by wire any bet in interstate or foreign commercialism. Many of these new, as they re called, sports-betting houses hope to hedge the U.S. gaming Torahs because it is non on U.S. dirt. Legal or non, on-line gaming is large concern. The Justice Department has estimated $ 600 million was bet over the Internet on athleticss in 1997, a ten-fold addition of the estimated sum for 1996 ( NCAA marks Internet wagering 2 ) . With all of this money being wagered on featuring events lawfully, illicitly, and on the Internet, who benefits? Relatively few do. The few that benefit are the 1s taking the stakes, such as the casino, the bookmaker, and the over-seas betting houses. These few benefit by acquiring richer and richer at the disbursal of others. Sports chancing has affected one group in peculiar. Harmonizing to the article, You bet you life by Tim Layden, he states that chancing is rampant on college campuses across the state. Students, frequently bright but na ve, bet- -and lose- -substantial amounts of money on featuring events ( 47 ) . College athleticss chancing has two chief negative side effects. The first, which is likely most obvious, is that chancing on athleticss is habit-forming. The 2nd, which many people are incognizant of, is that college athleticss gaming is aching the unity of college athleticss many of us enjoy to watch. The fastest turning dependence in the United States is chancing ( Horn 34 ) . In the article Pathologic gaming: America s newest dependence? by Andrew V. Pasternak, he says that the handiness of legalized gaming, particularly casino gaming, has proliferated in the United States. Some signifier of legalized chancing exists in every province except Utah and Hawaii, and 27 provinces have legalized casino chancing. Off-shore companies offer sports-book wagering through toll-free Numberss and the Internet. In 1996, $ 586.5 billion was wagered in all signifiers of legal gaming in the United States. Overall, between 75 and 90 per centum of Americans gamble ( 1293 ) . With casinos shooting up everyplace across our state, and the debut of Internet gaming, it is no admiration why gaming has become an ever-increasing job in our society. With the handiness of chancing on the addition, the figure of compulsive gamblers is traveling to lift every bit good. States that permitted chancing at casinos, athleticss betting, jai alai, and teletheaters had a greater per capita figure of Gamblers Anonymous chapters ( Campbell and Lester 126 ) . Harmonizing to the article Pathological Gambling and Depression, which states that a chancing nut can be defined as person who is inveterate and increasingly unable to defy urges to chance and for whom chancing via medias, disrupts, or amendss household, personal, and vocational chases ( Becona, Lorenzo, and Fuentes 635 ) . One of the most celebrated people to yield to the dependence of athleticss chancing is Art Schlichter. Art Schlichter was the starting signal caller at Ohio State University from 1975 to 1979. Art started wagering on athleticss in his junior twelvemonth of college ( Valente 83 ) . In 1979, he led the Buckeyes to an 11-1 record and was 4th in the Heisman Trophy vote. The Baltimore Colts drafted him out of college, and he lost his $ 300,000 subscribing fillips due to athleticss chancing ( 84 ) . By the clip Art had eventually hit stone underside, he had been thrown out of the NFL, bounced $ 175,000 in cheques, about lost his household, and now is still functioning clip in gaol for the bounced cheques ( 81 ) . Many college pupils, like Art, seek athleticss chancing for the first clip while they are in college. Harmonizing to the Las Vegas Veterans Affair Medical Center s Dr. Rena Nora, a head-shrinker who has been handling compulsive gamblers for more than 20 old ages, Vulnerability to chancing depends on two basic things: handiness to hard currency and how clever a individual is ( Layden 53 ) . By these footings, a batch of college pupils are vu lnerable. The prevalence of athleticss chancing on college campuses is so widespread that the NCAA has even added a chancing enforcement functionary. College athleticss chancing is distributing like an epidemic. Students influence other pupils. Peer force per unit area is why many pupils in college attempt athleticss chancing in the first topographic point. When you have chancing on campus, bet oning equals promote inclinations to chance ( Browne and Brown 345 ) . Sports gaming is habit-forming and prevailing on college campuses, but how can athleticss chancing affect the unity of college athleticss? This inquiry can be answered with phrases such as: point shave, throwing a game, or repairing a game. A fitting definition that covers all three of these phrases is: an jock or jocks, for the intent of deriving money either by being paid by person or wagering themselves, that affects the result of a game. Point shaving dirts in featuring events are largely restricted to college football and hoops games. Pro jocks have small to derive with their multi-million dollar contracts, which is why college jocks are so susceptible. An athlete looking to do a speedy vaulting horse or wipe out a chancing debt to a bookmaker can be tempted to repair a game. There have been point-shaving dirts from the early 50s to the present. Recent dirts have included such universities as Boston College, Tulane, Northwestern, North Carolina State, Central Florida, Texas, Arizona State, and many others. One of the more recent dirts and likely the biggest in footings of money wagered, occurred at Arizona State. Two participants from the Arizona State work forces s hoops squad in the 1993-94 season were convicted of repairing three games. An article in the magazine Sport by Armen Kereyian called An NCAA Hedlake: the lone hole to the turning figure of point-shaving dirts is to do the guilty wage called the dirt the most important athleticss graft instances in our state s history ( 28 ) . To sum up the narrative, Hedake Smith, one of the two convicted and ASU s 2nd all-time taking scorer, started chancing on athleticss and worked up a important debt to his bookmaker. His bookmaker said he could extinguish his debt and gain more by still winning hoops games, but non by excessively many points ( point-shaving ) . He agreed and the first two games went by unnoticed. In the concluding game that Smith agreed to shave points, the word had gotten out about how the game was supposed to be fixed . So much money was wagered against ASU in Las Vegas that one Vegas oddsmaker called the Pac-10 to alarm it to the possibility that points were being shaved ( Confessions Of A Point Shaver 98 ) . During halftime of the game, the manager of ASU yelled at his participants about how icky they were playing, and said that there was an NBA lookout in the bases. It occurred to Smith that put on the lining his NBA calling by shaving point was non deserving it and in the 2nd half of the game ASU blew out their oppositions and covered the spread. It was estimated that more that $ 1 million was bet on that game, when a normal Pac-10 game receives merely $ 50,000 of action ( 95 ) . In the terminal, Hedake Smith was caught for the dirt and sacrificed a promising NBA calling worth 1000000s of dollars, and is now expecting condemning which could set down him in gaol for his actions in the point-shaving dirt. As you can see from the narrative about Hedake Smith, athleticss chancing can pervert the jocks that play the game. Not merely does chancing on athleticss affect the jocks that play the game, chancing affects the others pupils on campus every bit good. Sports chancing by the pupil organic structure is besides going more prevailing throughout the college campuses across the state. Some solution to the increasing job of athleticss chancing demands to be implemented. The root of the job begins in Las Vegas. Extinguishing athleticss wagering on college games in Las Vegas would significantly cut down the sum wagered on college athleticss. By extinguishing college athleticss wagering in Las Vegas, the oddsmaker would no longer put point spread for college games. By extinguishing the point spreads for college games, college jocks would non be put in to a state of affairs where they would be tempted to shave points. The casinos, which offer sportsbooks, in the terminal provide much of the fiscal backup for most illegal wagering. The bulk of the clip, little bookmakers know a larger bookmaker. If a batch of the little bookmakers clientele is beting the bulk of their money on one squad, the little bookmaker ( to cover himself in instance he loses ) will wager on the same squad with a larger bookmaker. In bend, this larger bookmaker knows an even bigger bookmaker, and the form is repeated until it finally ends at the Las Vegas athleticss books. With the apparently eternal sums of money, this is where a batch of the illegal bets finally wind up, at the legal athleticss books in Las Vegas. Another country that can non be ignored is the handiness of abroad gaming. It would be the authorities s occupation to ordain and implement rigorous Torahs to barricade Internet entree to these chancing sites. Laws would hold to be developed to prosecute the gaming houses that take stakes from the United States. By traveling after these chancing houses and halting their operation, the authorities could halt college pupils from beting their money over the Internet. As I see it these chancing houses are the moving ridge of the hereafter for athleticss chancing. As our society becomes more and more technologically advanced in the hereafter, the consequence that athleticss chancing has on our society will weigh to a great extent on whether Internet gaming is allowed to run or non. It may depend on the populaces elected functionaries to vote on an issue such as this, and all people should be informed of the effects of athleticss chancing. Educating the populace on the negative effects of athletics gaming will play a critical function in extinguishing athleticss chancing. Booklets and advertizement on the negative impacts that athleticss chancing cause should be readily available to the general populace. Many job gamblers begin while in high school, so by educating the young person earlier high school may help in debaring chancing jobs that may hold happened subsequently in the kid s life. Would leting college athleticss chancing to be legal everyplace by leting the provinces to modulate and revenue enhancement sportsbetting be a better solution than doing it illegal? In 1994, the Florida Office of Planning and Budgeting conducted a survey to project the costs of legalising casino gaming in the province. The biggest possible authorities disbursal turned out to be that of imprisoning all the new pathological gamblers who turn to offense. Harmonizing to the survey, Not numbering costs of prosecution, damages or other related costs, captivity and supervising costs entirely for job gambler condemnable incidents could be Florida occupants $ 6,080,000,000 ( Horn 38 ) . This survey reasonably much speaks for itself. In world chancing doesn T rise large grosss for authoritiess, it costs the authoritiess and taxpayers large money for the jobs that come up with chancing. By doing it legal to wager on college games everyplace would merely add to the figure of point-shaving dirts. More people would be involved in chancing on college games, therefore there would be more people looking to do a speedy vaulting horse by inquiring a participant to repair a game. College sports already has a monkey on its dorsum for the dirts of the yesteryear. The jocks need to gain back the regard of the fans who enjoy to watch them vie. The lone manner this will go on is if there will neer be a dirt, affecting repairing a game, to go on once more, and the lone manner this will be happen is through the riddance of chancing on college athleticss. It may look that chancing on college athleticss is harmless merriment for the mean athleticss overzealous who wants to wager some money on his or her favourite squad. In world, nevertheless many people have lost everything they had dreamed for due to athleticss chancing. The unity of the college athleticss is enduring due to athleticss chancing. As the handiness of athleticss chancing additions, more people will endure the inauspicious effects that come with it. Plants Cited Becona, Elisardo, Maria Del Carmen Lorenzo, and Maria Jose Fuentes. Pathological Gambling and Depression. Psychological Reports 78 ( 1996 ) : 635-40. Browne, Beverly A. and Daniel J. Brown. Forecasters of lottery gaming among American college pupils. The Journal of Social Psychology 134 ( 1994 ) : 339- 48. Campbell, Frank and Lester, David. The impact of chancing chances on compulsive gaming. The Journal of Social Psychology 139.1 ( 1999 ) : 126-8. Confessions Of A Point Shaver. Sports Illustrated 9 Nov 1998: 92-102. Devlin, Ann Sloan and Donald M. Peppard Jr. Casino Use By College Students. Psychological Reports 78 ( 1996 ) : 899-906. Horn, Bernard P. Is at that place a remedy for America s chancing dependence? USA Today May 1997: 34-7. Kereyian, Armen. An NCAA Hedlake: the lone hole to the turning figure of point- shave dirts is to do the guilty wage. Sport May 1998: 28-30. Layden, Tim. You wager your life. Sports Illustrated 17 April 1995: 46-54. McGraw, Dan. The national stake: puting an illegal bet on a athleticss game has neer been easier. And more Americans are making it than of all time. U.S. News A ; World Report 7 April 1997: 50-6. Murray, John B. Review of Research on Pathological Gambling. Psychological Reports 72 ( 1993 ) : 791-810. Naughton, Jim. Why Athletes Are Vulnerable to Gambling. The Chronicle Of Higher Education 17 April 1998: A51-2. NCAA mark Internet betting. ESPN.com 10 Feb 1999 Oorlog, Dale R. Serial correlativity in the wagering market for professional hoops. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics 34 ( 1995 ) : 96-110. Orkin, Mike. Can You Win? New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 1991. Pasternak, Andrew V. Pathologic gaming: America s newest dependence? American Family Physician 56 ( 1997 ) : 1293-96. Savage, Jeff. A Certain Thing? Washington D.C. : Lerner Publications Company, 1997. Valente, Judith. A long route to daylight ; a fallen football hero battles to interrupt free of the chancing dependence that sacked his calling and drove him to prison. Peoples Weekly 15 Jan 1996: 81-7.